tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63141905642050810262024-03-04T01:27:27.428-08:00History of GeologyDavid Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.comBlogger411125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-8132373501129255052020-10-03T06:24:00.009-07:002020-10-03T07:34:42.707-07:00The Alvarez and the Crater of Doom<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i></i></span></span><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>"It was nothing of this earth, but a piece of the great outside; and
as such dowered with outside properties and obedient to outside laws." </i><br /><i>"<i>The Colour Out of Space</i>", by H.P. Lovecraft (1927)</i></span></span></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Until 50 years ago, it seemed that a characteristic peculiarity of the
Cretaceous-Palaeogene (or <span class="ILfuVd"><span class="hgKElc">K–Pg) </span></span>) transition, famous for the mass extinction
event that "killed" off the dinosaurs, was the apparent lack of a
complete stratigraphic record. However, in the decade 1960-1970 the
American geologist Walter Alvarez discovered a homogeneous and complete
succession of bedded limestone- and marl-layers in the <a href="http://maps.google.at/maps?q=gubbio&hl=de&ll=43.363566,12.582371&spn=0.005569,0.01545&sll=47.635784,13.590088&sspn=10.574477,23.269043&vpsrc=6&hnear=Gubbio+Perugia,+Umbrien,+Italien&t=h&z=17" target="_blank">gorge of Gubbio</a> (also <i>Gola del Bottaccione</i>, located in the far north-eastern part of the Italian province of Perugia, Umbria), called the "<i>Scaglia rossa</i>"-formation.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZgtkqS-C2ZYWEUXD82V5sCA5TYHsU22j1o9sFQPztyYaAT40A3vn7TL5Dirw07nqIazLx4H0RdT2Jnxh1zd_fYnyBNnBXCg2ZO3bPsaFF1DnIWWLTM64HeMWS3SOFXYGvn8sLCFo8df7/s1000/BRESSAN_Gubbio_CPLimit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="1000" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZgtkqS-C2ZYWEUXD82V5sCA5TYHsU22j1o9sFQPztyYaAT40A3vn7TL5Dirw07nqIazLx4H0RdT2Jnxh1zd_fYnyBNnBXCg2ZO3bPsaFF1DnIWWLTM64HeMWS3SOFXYGvn8sLCFo8df7/w521-h219/BRESSAN_Gubbio_CPLimit.jpg" width="521" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Alvarez attempted to calculate the rate of deposition of this formation
by analyzing the concentration of rare earth metals found in the sediments. A constant rain of
micrometeorites, enriched in such metals, coming from outer space
causes a constant concentration of rare earth metals in the sediments. A
sudden change, therefore, can indicate that the rate of sediment deposition also suddenly changed.</span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It was during this research that Alvarez discovered the today well-known
Iridium anomaly. At first, the origin of this anomalous concentration
remained unclear. In 1980, Walter Alvarez and his father, the nobel-prize
physicist Luis W. Alvarez (1911-1988), proposed two possible
explanations - a very slow sedimentation rate of the Scaglia Rossa,
resulting in an apparent concentration of micrometeorites, or <a href="https://earthscience.rice.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Alvarez_K-Timpact_Science80.pdf" target="_blank">the impact of a large mass of extraterrestrial material at once.</a><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">But Alvarez could not provide further evidence to confirm or disprove both hypotheses.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YRDpPeKc-ZE" width="320" youtube-src-id="YRDpPeKc-ZE"></iframe></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1981, geologists Antonio Camargo-Zanoguera and Glen Penfield
presented during a geophysical conference their research on a geological
mystery discovered 30 years earlier, during surveys on the Yucatan
peninsula (south-eastern Mexico). The two researchers proposed a new
interpretation of a circular structure revealed by seismic
investigations and buried under 300 to 1.000 m of sediments,
considered until then of volcanic origin. They suggested that the circular structure was a weathered and buried crater,
formed by the impact of a large meteorite.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Only ten years later, some researchers from the University of Arizona
started to study the crater and obtained the first absolute age - 65-million-years. Research in 1993 revealed that the structure
was in fact an impact crater with a total diameter of 180 km. The crater
was named after the nearby town of <i>Chicxulub</i> - meaning "<i>the devil's tail</i>".</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Alvarez, meanwhile, continued his research on the impact hypothesis and
noted the temporal coincidence of the Iridium anomaly, the
Chicxulub-impact and the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
The impact could explain the observed rare earth elements anomaly, was
an important time marker, and also appeared to be the main culprit to
blame for the extinction of the dinosaurs. In 1995 the limit between the
Cretaceous and the Palaeogene was therefore defined at the <a href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/detail.php?periodid=34&top_parentid=0" target="_blank" title="GSSP">stratotype (the GSSP) of El Kef (Tunisia)</a>, coinciding with the peak of Iridium and </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the mass extinction of foraminifera at the base of a clay layer (also
referred as K-Pg boundary clay) deposited after the impact.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Today more than 350 sites worldwide are known to record the </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Cretaceous-Palaeogene </span>sedimentary transition. Within a radius of 500 km the debris layer of the impact is
very thick; around the crater it reaches a thickness of 100 to 80 m. In a
radius of 500 to 1.000 km the sediments are typical tsunami deposits -
layers containing debris and spherules (molten rocks that subsequently
cooled to form droplets) transported by the waves from the impact site. With increasing distance, the layer thins out to form the known Iridium
rich clay overlying a layer with small spherules. In a distance over
5.000 km the impact is represented by a single layer of red clay that
still contains traces of the material ejected from the crater.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The geological evidence supports the hypothesis that a large extraterrestrial mass collided with earth.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">According to the most popular scenario, the mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous marking the end of dinosaurs, large marine reptiles and ammonites, was caused by the consequences of the impact. Shock wave and fire storms were soon followed by the release of large quantities of gas from the vaporized rocks, rich in carbonates and sulphates. The gases reacted with the water vapor to form acid rain, and the dust in the atmosphere blocked the sun causing a many years-long nuclear winter. Depending on the locality and the ecological niche that a species occupied - and a good dose of luck - these changes decided a species' fate - to survive or to be doomed. <br /></span></p></div>David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-23563208556557340022020-02-10T05:03:00.002-08:002020-02-10T05:25:30.496-08:00 De La Beche's Awful Changes<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Caricatures are exaggerated sketches of a person or human behavior. However, such cartoons appear only at a superficial glance as simple drawings, as they contain deep and complex insight in our culture and society. This consideration is also true for scientific caricatures, dealing with subjects or persons involved in science and research.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">For a long time, the caricature by British geologist Henry De la Beche (1796-1855) "</span><span style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Awful Changes. Man Found only in a Fossil State - Reappearance of Ichthyosauri</span></span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">" was considered a caricature of fellow geologist and paleontologist </span><span style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">William Buckland (1784-1856). T</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">he sketch was widely publicized in Francis Buckland's (1826 - 1880, son of William) book-series "Curiosities of Natural History" (1857-72), including a biography of his father. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">"</span><span style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">A lecture, - 'You will at once perceive,' continued Prof</span></span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">essor Ichthyosaurus, 'that the skull before us belonged to some of the lower order of animals; the teeth</span><span style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> are very insignificant, the power of the jaws trifling, and altogether it seems wonderful how the creature could have procured food.</span></span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">"</span> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl3A0L6VhpsjRstOorBYiKpKE1oFUHFqwfz0-8W5DAiTz2IY9bQyu8kveL-Sn3hiRRKNZAUEPzar5JItzZbK5vWbHXgTpwIos4NU_KuPoEZBkMZzM1mP8yFjNZIsj_HiJq2UPwIGo6Hvol/s1600/BECHE_1830_Professor_Ichthyosaurus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="1021" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl3A0L6VhpsjRstOorBYiKpKE1oFUHFqwfz0-8W5DAiTz2IY9bQyu8kveL-Sn3hiRRKNZAUEPzar5JItzZbK5vWbHXgTpwIos4NU_KuPoEZBkMZzM1mP8yFjNZIsj_HiJq2UPwIGo6Hvol/s320/BECHE_1830_Professor_Ichthyosaurus.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"></span></span> However, geologist and earth-science historian Martin J.S. Rudwick realized the connection of this scene with some drawings produced before 1831 by De la Beche in his diary, where he ridiculed the approach adopted by Charles Lyell. In the unpublished drawings, a lawyer (the reference to Lyell, who actually was a lawyer, seems obvious) is carrying a bag with "his" theory around the world, or he is shown wearing particular glasses (like Professor Ichthyosaurus), and offering his "view" and the resulting "theoretical approach" to a geologist carrying a hammer and collecting bag, a reference to the geologist actually working in the field. De la Beche never completed the sketch, because he abandoned this design in order to try out others, including the now famous "Awful Changes."</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8MM8ozTpIonmlqKZP5B1SbLp_KrJNGGJqgarTBlrG4h80p9jeb5-DbYjJ8wraSPdTa7GmkKLiTpEaXwGcBK4GsoMvXFD0thF7ynjZGUytNR_FnqcfDGtpEoaiSRHjkpFRNxprU1V-JwtW/s1600/BECHE_1830_Glasses.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="500" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8MM8ozTpIonmlqKZP5B1SbLp_KrJNGGJqgarTBlrG4h80p9jeb5-DbYjJ8wraSPdTa7GmkKLiTpEaXwGcBK4GsoMvXFD0thF7ynjZGUytNR_FnqcfDGtpEoaiSRHjkpFRNxprU1V-JwtW/s320/BECHE_1830_Glasses.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">De la Beche believed that Lyell injected too much of his lawyer profession into the emerging field of geology, focusing too much on theories than real research. "Awful Changes" does lampoon one crucial part of Lyell's uniformitarianism - theory, the concept of time repeating itself, as prehistoric animals are behaving much like Victorian scholars. In a second cartoon De la Beche is mocking another idea of Lyell, the effects of present causes operating at the same slow magnitude throughout geologic history. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">The cartoon shows a vast U-shaped valley, in the foreground a nurse with a child, presumably the son of William Buckland, can be spotted. The child is peeing into the huge valley and in the caption De la Beche has his nurse exclaiming, "B</span><em style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">less the baby! What a valley he have made!!!</span></em><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #0e101a; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">" </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The caricature was inspired by the ongoing debate of river-erosion at the time. The glacial theory wasn't still accepted to explain the formation of large valleys and the shape of many valleys in Europe was hard to explain only based on, as proposed by Lyell's uniformitarianism, slow fluvial erosion. </span></span></div>
David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-6571284513105801422020-01-29T04:53:00.001-08:002020-01-30T05:00:44.246-08:00Carl Friedrich Christian Mohs's Mineralogical Legacy<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIABRMvZ67C936PahAGU6g9q1nDq2CcpFKfemvj1ILvpqmBTeeiGQKklQs5Q1FLqAzbvl4-aQDmPKLKr-_cQoKIWl7kQe3CagLaJbB1zRi1Mj2OZr36oY2lDhMJ2ms4iwFmddMTygGJAq5/s1600/KRIEHUBER_1832_Friedrich_Mohs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="397" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIABRMvZ67C936PahAGU6g9q1nDq2CcpFKfemvj1ILvpqmBTeeiGQKklQs5Q1FLqAzbvl4-aQDmPKLKr-_cQoKIWl7kQe3CagLaJbB1zRi1Mj2OZr36oY2lDhMJ2ms4iwFmddMTygGJAq5/s400/KRIEHUBER_1832_Friedrich_Mohs.jpg" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #1c1e29;"><b>Carl Friedrich Christian Mohs, lithography by Joseph Kriehuber (1832).</b></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Talc – Gypsum – Calcite – Fluorite – Apatite – Feldspar – Quartz – Topaz – Corundum – Diamond</span></i><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> - the </span><span style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness</span></span><i style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </span></i><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">is familiar to rock-hounds and earth-science students alike. The ten-point hardness scales lists common minerals in the order of the relative hardness, with talc being the softest and diamond the hardest mineral found in nature.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">The Mohs scale is named after German mineralogist </span><span style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Carl Friedrich Christian Mohs, </span></span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">born January 29, 1773, in the town of Genrode, at the time part of the principality of Anhalt-Bernburgs. After attending school, he worked in his father's business as a merchant, but in 1796 he went to the University of Halle to study there mathematics, physics and chemistry. He continued his studies at the famous Royal Saxon Mining Academy of Freiberg, where he studied under the renowned geognost Abraham Gottlob Werner. Werner published in 1787 a »<a href="https://books.google.it/books?id=DdhAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gesteinsarten</a>« - Short classification and description of the various rock types - as a guide for identifying and classifying rocks and minerals. Unlike other mineralogists at the time, mostly using chemical analysis, Werner uses easily recognizable features, like color or crystal shape, to classify minerals and rocks. Mohs is impressed by Werner's approach. In 1804, he publishes himself a “student-friendly” classification chart for minerals, based on his experience in the mining district of the Harz mountain and as a consultant for wealthy mineral-collectors. In his book</span><span style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </span></span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">»</span><span style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">Über die oryktognostische Classification nebst Versuchen eines auf blossen äußeren Kennzeichen gegründeten Mineraliensystems</span></span></span></span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">« - The genetic-geological classification and an attempt to introduce a mineral-system based on outer properties - Mohs combines various physical properties of minerals, like color, hardness and density, with six classes of crystal shapes, to identify 183 different minerals.</span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxMT0VxS3FtKK3ki1Z6iQNgEA3r0NIPN-OGhgdnDzW5vynf_wGpw9EYWtyklGoNA7sCQ0n8v53XzZHVbHcWQridpipQtrCptnWFI7rtt0ARNuykDOwwVECNBnRSH8HDru1U1XLy2zRcUHn/s1600/BRESSAN_Mohs_Ausstellung.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxMT0VxS3FtKK3ki1Z6iQNgEA3r0NIPN-OGhgdnDzW5vynf_wGpw9EYWtyklGoNA7sCQ0n8v53XzZHVbHcWQridpipQtrCptnWFI7rtt0ARNuykDOwwVECNBnRSH8HDru1U1XLy2zRcUHn/s400/BRESSAN_Mohs_Ausstellung.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mohs scale of hardness sets from the 19th century, Mohs's geological hammer, and a letter to his wife</span>.</b></td></tr>
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<span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mohs continues to travel, collect material and improve his mineral classification system. He visits </span></span></span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Štiavnica<b> </b>in Slovakia, famous for the local Mining Academy, and the mining district of Bleiberg in Carinthia. He visits and studies mines in Hungary, Transylvania and Scotland, and quarries in Germany and Austria.</span></span></span><br />
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<span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1812, now a professor in the Austrian city of Graz, he creates a preliminary hardness scale and continues to publish guidelines for mineral identification. In 1818 he returns to Freiberg and between 1822-1824 Mohs publishes his final version of the hardness scale in the book </span></span></span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">»</span></span></span><a href="https://books.google.it/books?id=ZQs5AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Grund-Riß der Mineralogie</a></span></span></span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">« - </span></span></span>Essentials of Mineralogy.</span></span></span><br />
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<span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="background: transparent; color: #1c1e29; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample to scratch another sample visibly. The samples of matter used by Mohs are readily available to a student or miner. Minerals with a hardness of 1 or 2 can be scratched with a fingernail. A coin will scratch minerals with a hardness of 3, the blade of a pocket knife scratches minerals of the hardness 5 and 6. Glass will scratch minerals with a hardness of 7, and harder minerals scratch each other.</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixK7VPd2nIWpZV5Rr0W1cbcDhgi8v4YJodu8Ca5kIMYUgUW5Zo7mzpeVaWn3o-PQhbTL0D8-o-E9udtTa3a9ZeFkl6hB7Tb0Jzh_pi19in76vy_hQ64roCAORPSJTPmaniTkMObUI6D2jG/s1600/BRESSAN_Calcit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixK7VPd2nIWpZV5Rr0W1cbcDhgi8v4YJodu8Ca5kIMYUgUW5Zo7mzpeVaWn3o-PQhbTL0D8-o-E9udtTa3a9ZeFkl6hB7Tb0Jzh_pi19in76vy_hQ64roCAORPSJTPmaniTkMObUI6D2jG/s400/BRESSAN_Calcit.jpg" width="312" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Calcite crystals, example of a common mineral with hardness 3. </span></b></td></tr>
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David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-41323006724653107552019-06-17T02:40:00.000-07:002019-06-17T10:54:49.326-07:00Artist M.C. Escher and his Crystal-inspired Artwork<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“<i>There is something breathtaking about the basic laws of crystals. They are in no sense a discovery of the human mind; they just “are” – they exist quite independently of us. The most that man can do is become aware, in a moment of clarity, that they are there, and take them into account. Long before there were people on the earth, crystals were already growing in the earth's crust. On one day or another, a human being first came across such a sparkling morsel of regularity lying on the ground or hit one with his stone tool and it broke off and fell at his feet, and he picked it up and regarded it in his open hand, and he was amazed</i>.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- M. C. Escher (1898-1972)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dutch artist Maurits Cornelis Escher was </span>fascinated, or maybe even obsessed by "the systematic compartimentalization of space." Many of his illustrations show <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Escher#/media/File:Escher_Circle_Limit_III.jpg" target="_blank">symmetrical shapes repeated into infinity</a>, completely occupying all the available space. It is not a coincidence that Escher's work reseambles</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the molecular lattice structure and resulting crystal structure of minerals. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Some of his surreal illustrations are even clearly based on crystals. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCyw6vsOtFSf4JWKD4faTnY9otGXAhLP9o_QN5DHmiX6S8gNAUm5uDGZrw-pJtKUOS1gQNrvE91ZwDCDsOcR_wXPf8Hax7C3Db9ey1YpaVMtjuwg3bClOccwoE1n2PkqJ1kiZ1D-VKZ7sy/s1600/Spessartine_Crystal.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="442" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCyw6vsOtFSf4JWKD4faTnY9otGXAhLP9o_QN5DHmiX6S8gNAUm5uDGZrw-pJtKUOS1gQNrvE91ZwDCDsOcR_wXPf8Hax7C3Db9ey1YpaVMtjuwg3bClOccwoE1n2PkqJ1kiZ1D-VKZ7sy/s320/Spessartine_Crystal.jpg" width="289" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GaCt4tML6sHGSgIC2VFiBBrfWvDBqUNwYYfTqZXJxyLLYP57FKA6HvURDkXlGCpdI-6xDo3DaS0NVta3js87NLXTGkDWia8NG4ATI60f7mnpjgxIFkSJRYQWZyY2DehhLNb4otxEQc_T/s1600/ESCHER_Crystal.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GaCt4tML6sHGSgIC2VFiBBrfWvDBqUNwYYfTqZXJxyLLYP57FKA6HvURDkXlGCpdI-6xDo3DaS0NVta3js87NLXTGkDWia8NG4ATI60f7mnpjgxIFkSJRYQWZyY2DehhLNb4otxEQc_T/s320/ESCHER_Crystal.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Spessartine-Garnet on Feldspar, Shigar Valley, Pakistan, and artwork by Escher.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Escher's half brother </span></span>Berend Escher (1885-1967) was a professor of geology at Leiden University in the Netherlands, whose specialization was crystallography, mineralogy and vulcanology. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is likely that the artist Escher was introduced into the world of crystals by the mineralogist Escher.</span><br />
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David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-91757515252493814212019-05-15T09:31:00.003-07:002019-05-15T10:41:41.758-07:00Atomic Bomb Dropped Over Japan Created A New Kind Of Minerals - Hiroshimaites <div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The nuclear fire above Hiroshima in the early morning of August 6, 1945, not only vaporized parts of the city but also created new minerals. In 2015 geologist Mario Wannier discovered small particles of metal and glass in the sand collected along the shores of Miyajima Island and Motoujina Peninsula, located south of the hypocenter of the explosion.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7bLmacmD9Qau-gl0FamCho5i_GgqdbkqpXUK0PL-jzGSkz5VO-6Au3M4MPsduHDZzl1oHvYbX0vbO-K8u_88JkmlR5r3U-mvZBxSgJr98bkj8q1Xa1LigPZtk7JG5_H4XuDAwB5rljglx/s1600/WANNIERetal_2019_Hiroshima_hypocenter.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="700" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7bLmacmD9Qau-gl0FamCho5i_GgqdbkqpXUK0PL-jzGSkz5VO-6Au3M4MPsduHDZzl1oHvYbX0vbO-K8u_88JkmlR5r3U-mvZBxSgJr98bkj8q1Xa1LigPZtk7JG5_H4XuDAwB5rljglx/s320/WANNIERetal_2019_Hiroshima_hypocenter.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlbZWXEFxW59P_P-WAGUjc9Qkk2HKeFVhSHJSAJ8S0jSyK7shkvYyMOdZfpm4rKySPXdrzlt7h40uN8vl2dSjQ2EDMpROsM0Z3Gfocc4dsHVYcBYxbHGX-cG2Mi2PmCnELotAU2WPJyWO0/s1600/WANNIERetal_2019_Hiroshimaites.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="700" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlbZWXEFxW59P_P-WAGUjc9Qkk2HKeFVhSHJSAJ8S0jSyK7shkvYyMOdZfpm4rKySPXdrzlt7h40uN8vl2dSjQ2EDMpROsM0Z3Gfocc4dsHVYcBYxbHGX-cG2Mi2PmCnELotAU2WPJyWO0/s320/WANNIERetal_2019_Hiroshimaites.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Hiroshima city and bay area with location of the A-bomb hypocenter and sampling sites at Motoujina Peninsula and Miyajima Island. Optical microscopy image with a collection of glass spherules, cemented fragments and metallic spherules. From WANNIER et al. 2019.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Chemical analysis showed a layered structure of unknown minerals, mostly combinations of aluminum, silica, iron and calcium. The researchers argue that the particles formed by condensation from the mushroom cloud after the nuclear blast. As the mushroom cloud, containing traces of vaporized materials like stone, steel, concrete and rubber, cooled along its borders, small particles of glass-like material formed and rained down. Currents and the movement of the waves later accumulated the particles in the sand along the shores around the hypocenter of the explosion. Based on the unique chemical composition and the site of the discovery, the researcher named the new minerals <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213305419300074?via%3Dihub#fig0005" target="_blank">Hiroshimaites</a>, as they are artificial "<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/11/04/gemstone-found-in-king-tuts-tomb-formed-when-a-celestial-body-collided-with-earth/#7a24e93aedc6" target="_blank">tectites</a>" (droplets of molten material formed by the heat of a meteorite impact). The studied sand samples contained up to 2% of particles, so along the shores of Hiroshima estimated 2,000 to 3,000 tons of Hiroshimaites may still lay in the ground.</span></div>
David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-20909159438017117492019-04-30T07:24:00.001-07:002019-05-01T07:36:49.992-07:00Maria Matilda Ogilvie Gordon - A Women Geoscientist In The Dolomites<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4igj9m2o_azLvigM-1vZtRsG6Shh_SuwenhhJCCvxjtxC0_7HCMGpqy1Vs9ziK39Phjfn2g1Q7B6eh7PKGoPuir9FovKnn5XU7Ta6dPSNigK0WB7xAct-9SPYjGf6Es7XM9z1c227dPNZ/s1600/WACHTLER_1900_Maria+Matilda+Ogilvie+Gordon.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="201" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4igj9m2o_azLvigM-1vZtRsG6Shh_SuwenhhJCCvxjtxC0_7HCMGpqy1Vs9ziK39Phjfn2g1Q7B6eh7PKGoPuir9FovKnn5XU7Ta6dPSNigK0WB7xAct-9SPYjGf6Es7XM9z1c227dPNZ/s200/WACHTLER_1900_Maria+Matilda+Ogilvie+Gordon.jpg" width="132" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Scottish Maria Matilda Ogilvie Gordon (1864-1939), or May as she was called, was the oldest daughter of a pastoral family composed of eight children, five boys and three girls. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Maria Ogilvie </span>entered Merchant Company Schools' Ladies College in Edinburgh at the age of nine. Already in these early years, she showed a profound interest in nature. During holidays she enjoyed exploring the landscape of the Scottish Highlands accompanied by her elder brother, the later geologist Sir Francis Ogilvie. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Maria Ogilvie </span>aspired to become a musician and at age of eighteen she went to London to study music, becoming a promising pianist, but already in the first year her interests into the natural world prevailed and she went for a career in science.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Studying both in London and Edinburgh she obtained her degree in geology, botany and zoology in 1890. Maria Ogilvie hoped to follow-up their studies in Germany, but in 1891, despite a recommendation even by the famous geologist Baron Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen (pioneer geologist of the Dolomites), she was rejected at the University of Berlin - women were still not permitted to enroll for higher education in England and Germany. She went to Munich, where she was welcomed friendly by eminent paleontologist Karl von Zittel (1839-1904) and zoologist Richard von Hertwig (1850-1927). However, she was not allowed to join male students. Sitting in a separate room she listened through the half-open doors to the lectures.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />In July 1891, Richthofen invited her to join a five-week trip to the nearby Dolomites Mountains, visiting the Gröden-Valley. From the very first day, Maria Ogilvie was immensely impressed by the landscape and learned rock climbing to better explore the mountains. Richthofen introduced Maria Ogilvie to alpine geology and they visited the pastures of Stuores in the Gader-Valley. At the time Maria Ogilvie was studying modern corals to become a zoologist, but Richthofen, showing her the beautifully preserved fossil corals found here in the Triassic sediments, convinced her to become rather a geologist.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7BzSPjyLLBtAPINtm9uVjLeFjYk6a_vSkLhzGfpYyaU6CvVsMqP5-3ZQouEWnaEdtsnW5EGFOKjnG4FDUZNdFjbedtyRF5lDhhuud5UGiTsegkTemiGwwamU_4ww5LzCIwpbvCLRvO4rm/s1600/BRESSAN_Stuores_outcrops.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="700" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7BzSPjyLLBtAPINtm9uVjLeFjYk6a_vSkLhzGfpYyaU6CvVsMqP5-3ZQouEWnaEdtsnW5EGFOKjnG4FDUZNdFjbedtyRF5lDhhuud5UGiTsegkTemiGwwamU_4ww5LzCIwpbvCLRvO4rm/s320/BRESSAN_Stuores_outcrops.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <i>The pastures of Stuores in the Gader-Valley with outcrops of Triassic marl.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Richthofen was over sixty years old and therefore he couldn't provide much support in the field. Maria Ogilvie remembers later the challenge and danger of field work, sometimes accompanied by a local rock climber named Josef Kostner:<br /><br />"When I began my fieldwork, I was not under the eye of any Professor. There was no one to include me in his official round of visits among the young geologists in the field, and to subject my maps and sections to tough criticism on the ground. The lack of supervision at the outset was undoubtedly a serious handicap."<br /><br />For two summers she hiked, climbed and studied various areas in the Dolomites and instructed local collectors to carefully record and describe their fossil sites. In 1893 she published "Contributions to the geology of the Wengen and St. Cassian Strata in southern Tyrol". In the paper she included detailed figures of the landscape, geological maps and stratigraphic charts of the Dolomites, establishing fossil marker horizons and describing the ecology of various fossil corals associations. She described 345 species from the today 1,400 known species of mollusks and corals of the local Wengen- and St. Cassian-Formations.<br />The published paper, a summary of her thesis "The geology of the Wengen and Saint Cassian Strata in southern Tyrol", finally earned her respect by the scientific community. In 1893 she became the first female doctor of science in the United Kingdom. The same year she returned into the Dolomites to continue with her geological and paleontological research. In 1894 she published the important "Coral in the Dolomites of South Tyrol." Maria Ogilvie argued that the systematic classification of corals must be based on microscopic examination and characteristics, not as usually done at the time, on superficial similarities.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXeqVgxNTSiUQxNbJDm0-z_rU402j0yocwIpjhbOKVWsAtGifa3_ei_WGQ3PgpqlrYdMRmZPX0JQ_9LlFzWQ9QmMp2eq_WkWhC7X4RwrvHURHYiwxKfIa-ivw8rYBloezseA0y4fMYAbXf/s1600/LAUBE_1865_Fauna_StCassian_Schichten_01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1329" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXeqVgxNTSiUQxNbJDm0-z_rU402j0yocwIpjhbOKVWsAtGifa3_ei_WGQ3PgpqlrYdMRmZPX0JQ_9LlFzWQ9QmMp2eq_WkWhC7X4RwrvHURHYiwxKfIa-ivw8rYBloezseA0y4fMYAbXf/s320/LAUBE_1865_Fauna_StCassian_Schichten_01.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fossil corals from the pastures of Stuores, plate from </span>LAUBE (1865).</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1895 she returned to Aberdeen, where she married a longstanding admirer. Dr. John Gordon respected and encouraged her passion for the Dolomites. He and their four children accompanied Maria Ogilvie on various excursions into the Dolomites.<br /><br />In 1900 she returned to Munich, becoming the first woman to obtain a Ph.D. She helped her old mentor, paleontologist von Zittel, to translate his extensive German research on the "Geschichte der Geologie und Palaeontologie" - "<a href="https://archive.org/details/historygeologya03zittgoog">The History of Geology and Palaeontology.</a>"<br /><br />Maria Ogilvie continued her studies and continued to publish. In 1913 she was preparing another important work about the geology and geomorphology of the Dolomites, to be published in Germany, but in 1914 with the onset of World War I. and the death of the publisher, the finished maps, plates and manuscripts were lost in the general chaos.<br />In 1922 she returned into the Dolomites, where she encountered the young paleontologist Julius Pia, who, during the war, had carried out research in the Dolomites. Together they explored many times the Dolomites.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwloy-bnpMp82iJD08bEj1cN4hVbmb3G5qZQRSypHzEhhJX4xGq0g1C4K-pSIo5UTiQEZmEg6jnX24qUE5UThnqWZJJMcR4WsUizuwI_3P-LXpZjZCkd74mEHKlVjOTEV4NTaQ4bYSlVod/s1600/GORDON_1939_Langkofel.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="1000" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwloy-bnpMp82iJD08bEj1cN4hVbmb3G5qZQRSypHzEhhJX4xGq0g1C4K-pSIo5UTiQEZmEg6jnX24qUE5UThnqWZJJMcR4WsUizuwI_3P-LXpZjZCkd74mEHKlVjOTEV4NTaQ4bYSlVod/s320/GORDON_1939_Langkofel.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1My1W2U1WoEgRktPAeO8fwk2pl2RYL9-rnypRxfLJSD224kYRY0-d6sufKEGNHIjZpTxtL3Q0vR5M4DtuCtoPNXDE_T8T8PPYSd_8ct8t1q2xCLDgBfwSnLcPSstdGB6Bh7Usu8-yXkiH/s1600/BRESSAN_Langkofel.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="1000" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1My1W2U1WoEgRktPAeO8fwk2pl2RYL9-rnypRxfLJSD224kYRY0-d6sufKEGNHIjZpTxtL3Q0vR5M4DtuCtoPNXDE_T8T8PPYSd_8ct8t1q2xCLDgBfwSnLcPSstdGB6Bh7Usu8-yXkiH/s320/BRESSAN_Langkofel.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Landscape profile of the Langkofel-massif after GORDON & PIA (1939): Zur Geologie der Langkofelgruppe in den Südtiroler Dolomiten. </i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Maria Matilda included hand-drawn sketches in her research.</i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Apart from scientific papers, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Maria Matilda published </span>also one of the first examples of geological guide books for the Dolomites. </span>To honor her contributions to earth sciences in 2000 a new fossil fern genus, discovered in Triassic sediments, was named <a href="https://www.dolomythos.com/download/Piz_Ferns.pdf" target="_blank"><i>Gordonopteris lorigae</i></a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Interested in reading more? Try:</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">WACHTLER, M. & BUREK, C.V. (2007): Maria Matilda Ogilvie Gordon (1864-1939): a Scottish researcher in the Alps. In BUREK, C. V. & HIGGS, B. (eds): The Role of Women in the History of Geology. Geological Society: 305-317 </span><br />
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David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-19242246081869645522019-04-21T06:17:00.000-07:002019-04-21T12:00:58.781-07:00The Earth-shattering Monster of Loch Ness<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh78m0Iv4uisLrmUVQcSRpumT742GxWuumsTv5mer8lgK3bSghnhVoXJpXpiUzsGilio-Xtu6aRor9-geoX7wZXVkmWn_XKqECr5SgQpLJnYsq-HFPGc-YbelvMArB6QaP4_zYv-MeB3ryr/s1600/London_Daily_Mail_Loch_Ness_Monster.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="611" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh78m0Iv4uisLrmUVQcSRpumT742GxWuumsTv5mer8lgK3bSghnhVoXJpXpiUzsGilio-Xtu6aRor9-geoX7wZXVkmWn_XKqECr5SgQpLJnYsq-HFPGc-YbelvMArB6QaP4_zYv-MeB3ryr/s320/London_Daily_Mail_Loch_Ness_Monster.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The first purported photo of Nessie was published in The Daily Mail" on April 21, 1934. The image, taken by a London surgeon named Kenneth Wilson, was touted for decades as the best evidence for Nessie — until it was admitted as a hoax decades later.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 2001 Italian geologist Luigi Piccardi presented at the Earth Systems Processes meeting in Edinburgh a <a href="https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001ESP/finalprogram/abstract_7279.htm">hypothesis, explaining the supposed appearance of the lake monster in Loch Ness as a result of the local geology</a>. According to Piccardi, the historical description of the monster - appearing on the surface with great (earth)shakes and waves - could be based on s</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">eismic activity along the Great Glen fault. The </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Great Glen fault is a transcurrent fault where two bits of Earth - </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> the Grampian Highlands, composed of early Paleozoic plutonic rocks, and the Northern Highlands, composed mostly of Neoproterozoic rocks with Palozoic sedimentary covers - </span></span></span></span>are sliding sideways against each other.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUn0wL6SPfqPpEP8sCSYoMF3UTIMmmJcfoNIDR4LoZtEe8doAml1GslKHl7Yuz5SH8yo0FqAyRmL6my8G_SkpGwm2MfHLdUm2iRXxl_IJQm18g_93GMWV3TYrbGJpAARN8mwBvDohtfoCD/s1600/F1.large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1280" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUn0wL6SPfqPpEP8sCSYoMF3UTIMmmJcfoNIDR4LoZtEe8doAml1GslKHl7Yuz5SH8yo0FqAyRmL6my8G_SkpGwm2MfHLdUm2iRXxl_IJQm18g_93GMWV3TYrbGJpAARN8mwBvDohtfoCD/s320/F1.large.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> BRETON; COBBOLODY & ZANELLA (2013).</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Loch Ness is a 36 km long lake, located just above</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> the fault zone. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>As the fault moves, earthquakes happen and cause bubbles and waves on the lake's surface.</span></span> In an interview published in the Italian newspaper "La Repubblica" Piccardi explains:<br /><br />"There are various effects on the surface of the water that can be related to the activity of the fault ...[]... the beast appears and disappears with great shakes. I think it's an obvious description of what really happened…[] We know that there was a period [1920-1930, a period characterized by many reported sightings of Nessie] with increased activity of the fault, in reality, people have seen the effects of the earthquakes on the water."</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbtuBidTWcXbZdVbcCPMYmrTdFZFBdZ_ay_Hfxg6y7xH9DJC80MJ0ByVPfYMR-se4aYCSCo5lJp5rFyxKb5b7TmTqZSENsiTN-2ei1OCHHaiJTonhvjTvRJtN4pn8qMZ5DNVw9B3lTWn3L/s1600/PICCARDI_Nessie.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="800" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbtuBidTWcXbZdVbcCPMYmrTdFZFBdZ_ay_Hfxg6y7xH9DJC80MJ0ByVPfYMR-se4aYCSCo5lJp5rFyxKb5b7TmTqZSENsiTN-2ei1OCHHaiJTonhvjTvRJtN4pn8qMZ5DNVw9B3lTWn3L/s320/PICCARDI_Nessie.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />According to the <a href="https://archive.org/details/vitasancticolumb00adam">biography of St. Columba</a>, the scene described by Piccardi happened in the year 565. Trying to cross the river Ness the missionary is attacked by a beast. However, Columba implores the protection of god and the monster promptly disappears. The original text, however, is very vague and gives no detailed description of the event, stating only that it was an "unknown beast" and it approached with the mouth wide open and a loud roar. In the myth, the supposed lake monster is of much less importance than the ability of St. Columba to tame beasts and demons and doing so </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">to impress the local pagans. </span></span>It is quite possible that the supposed encounter with the monster was added to make Colomba´s legend bigger than real life. The vague description presented doesn't really support any proposed scenario, neither seismic activity nor a presumed surviving plesiosaur, living in a lake formed by glaciers during the last ice age some 18,000 years ago. Modern sightings in Loch Ness can more reasonably be explained by a combination of hoaxes, misidentification of common animals or waves and the local tourist industry, keeping the myth alive to attract tourists. Research done in the lake has never produced any clue for the possible existence of a population of larger animals in the Loch.<br /><br />Also, historic seismicity doesn't seem to support the existence of an earth-shaking monster in the Loch. Earthquakes along the Great Glen fault range between a magnitude of 3 to 4, too weak to cause any observable effects on the lake. Stronger events are exceptionally rare and were recorded only in 1816, 1888, 1890 and 1901. These earthquakes don't coincide with the years of supposed increased activity of Nessie, like in the decade around 1933.</span></span></div>
David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-15268714805133957272019-02-12T12:18:00.000-08:002019-02-12T12:46:37.931-08:00Darwin's First Botanizing Steps Followed His Geological Ones <div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i> “I collected every plant, which I could see in flower, & as it was the flowering season I hope my collection may be of some interest to you." - Charles Darwin in a letter to his friend and mentor John Stevens Henslow, 1836.</i><br /><br />Charles Robert Darwin's interest in the natural world was widespread. As a student, he loved to hunt animals and collected bugs and minerals. His mentor and friend <a href="http://friendsofdarwin.com/articles/henslow/" target="_blank">John Stevens Henslow</a>, mineralogist and professor of botany, introduced the young Darwin to both disciplines. Darwin attended Henslow's botany lectures and field trips each year during his three years at Cambridge, visiting also private meetings at Henslow's home. Here he met with Adam Sedgwick, president of the newly formed Geological Society of London. During a <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2015/08/05/this-1831-geological-journey-was-decisive-for-darwins-scientific-career/#4d45084425d2" target="_blank">geological field trip in the summer of 1831</a> with Sedgwick, Darwin collected and preserved also some plant specimens.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/436643a" target="_blank">Herbarium sheet by J. S. Henslow</a> with three plants collected by Charles Darwin in 1831 at Barmouth, North Wales. This is the earliest-known herbarium specimen collected by Darwin.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">During the five-year-long voyage of the Beagle <a href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A879&viewtype=text&pageseq=1" target="_blank">Darwin collected plants</a> or seeds on the Cape Verde Islands, in Argentina, in Uruguay, in Chile, in Brazil and some of the visited islands, like the Falkland, Galápagos and Cocos islands. As Darwin had limited space on the Beagle, most occupied by rocks and animals, he limited himself to remote or poorly studied localities.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Darwin had prepared several thousand labels in different colors before the voyage to be applied to every dried plant (the labels including species, locality, date and his signature). Wet specimens, conserved in "spirits of wine", were tagged with a small, metallic plate. Henslow, who back in England managed Darwin's collection, however, removed most labels when including Darwin's specimens into the herbarium. Unlike the collected rocks and animals Darwin didn't number the plant specimens, so it seems a bit confusion sneaked into the collection. Another friend of Darwin, botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, lamented to Darwin that not all notes could be attributed to the preserved plants.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Darwin's plant collection is especially interesting as it includes many species from less visited islands of the Galápagos and the Cocos archipelago. Darwin was intrigued about the relationship of the isolated species found on the islands to the species found on nearby continents. Later Darwin conducted experiments with seeds, showing that some can survive salty water for months and so be dispersed by marine currents. Despite Darwin's plans, he didn't publish the collected plants in “The Voyage of the Beagle” (published in 1839), as a very busy Henslow didn't meet the deadlines for publication.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Darwin collected 756 different species, subspecies or varieties of vascular plants during his five years long voyage around the world, 220 <a href="https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/159/1/12/2418478" target="_blank">species were new to science</a>. Darwin was especially surprised by the variability displayed by plants. A collected grass species was divided by Henslow into fifteen different varieties! This was an intriguing observation, important for his later formulated theory of evolution, how one species can split over time in various new ones. Also, the relationship of plant species on islands to nearby continents was an important observation. The plants from the Galápagos islands showed, according to Hooker, a remarkable variability between the single islands, however some even more remarkable similarities to species from North America and Brazil. Would a divine creator not be able to create distinct, unique species on remote islands as he pleased? However, if seeds can be dispersed with marine currents and islands be colonized by plants from nearby continents, couldn't they also evolve there in new species?</span></span></span></div>
David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-69479122319055370022018-12-15T05:09:00.000-08:002018-12-15T05:23:07.564-08:00Radioactivity and Earth's Age<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the 19th century, the discrepancy between the age of Earth and the age of the cosmos posed a great problem to scientists. Geologists had calculated, using methods like erosion or sedimentation rates, ages for Earth spanning from three million to fifteen billion years. Physicists and astronomers, based mostly on the energy output of stars, calculated an age for the universe spanning from twenty million to ten billion years - so in many models of the cosmos, Earth seemed to be too young or too old to fit in. In August 1893, during a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, geologist Charles D. Walcott (1850-1927) summarized the debate as follows:<br /><br />"Of all subjects of speculative geology, few are more attractive or more uncertain in positive results than geological time. The physicists have drawn the lines closer and closer until the geologist is told that he must bring his estimates of the age of the earth within a limit of from ten to thirty millions of years. The geologist masses his observations and replies that more time is required, and suggests to the physicist that there may be an error somewhere in his data or the method of his treatment."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgYF8eLA0T9CEVeK95dVoqdaNsK4AUZWSUQSzNyynxk4R1vWXuNgQHzTFelk2fUUhPXyu_2DJFqqoT4zwmVdxWRTfi2qcszr4abdCwFSK8feiM6Thzb8xVx8AfTqrEVzqYNNNWUlDC2Bip/s1600/Portrait_of_Antoine_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="300" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgYF8eLA0T9CEVeK95dVoqdaNsK4AUZWSUQSzNyynxk4R1vWXuNgQHzTFelk2fUUhPXyu_2DJFqqoT4zwmVdxWRTfi2qcszr4abdCwFSK8feiM6Thzb8xVx8AfTqrEVzqYNNNWUlDC2Bip/s200/Portrait_of_Antoine_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" width="166" /></a>In 1896 the French physicist Henri Becquerel (1852-1908), based on Conrad Röntgen's (1845-1923) research, discovered that naturally occurring elements, like uranium, also emit X-rays and in 1897 Polish physicist Marie Curie (1867-1934) coined the term radioactivity to describe this energy of unknown origin. Her husband, Pierre Curie (1859-1906), realized that this energy from radioactive decay must be considered when calculating the age of Earth. P</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">hysicists supporting a young Earth based their calculations on a quickly cooling Earth. <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, radioactive decay in Earth's interior provided a continuous source of energy and heat, therefore Earth was cooling slowly and so could be quite old. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Radioactive decay or another similar long-lasting and high-energy source (nuclear fusion was discovered later) could also explain how stars could produce light and heat for very long periods of time. The notion that stars or the sun had to be young (in most calculations younger than Earth) could also be dismissed.<br /><br />But even better - the discovery of radioactivity provided not only indirect evidence of an old Earth but by measuring the constant decay it was also possible to calculate the exact age of a mineral, a rock and even of Earth.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy6pAwk8S076ZNq-p4f46C8GYnr1vOPA_uu-71uuwv0r5j-k9sQ9Jn177FgGK9A_ar2Zf68SjK2UnOgHUO_aEsBzo3WECwcs0dB6EYLhjcHDIIbu9ODUGIfs2habQHDW7vbh3BzTG_yBNV/s1600/JOYLE_1909_Radioactivity_Geology.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="335" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy6pAwk8S076ZNq-p4f46C8GYnr1vOPA_uu-71uuwv0r5j-k9sQ9Jn177FgGK9A_ar2Zf68SjK2UnOgHUO_aEsBzo3WECwcs0dB6EYLhjcHDIIbu9ODUGIfs2habQHDW7vbh3BzTG_yBNV/s320/JOYLE_1909_Radioactivity_Geology.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>High-energy rays, derived from radioactive decay, form a halo of alteration around a mineral grain in the larger biotite-crystal, image from J. JOYLE (1909): <a href="https://archive.org/details/radioactivitygeo00jolyuoft">Radioactivity and geology, an account of the influence of radioactive energy on terrestrial history</a>. </i></span></div>
David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-8527021651855166562018-12-13T11:17:00.000-08:002019-02-12T13:03:39.942-08:00The British Diplomat Who Studied Volcanoes<div align="justify" class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">When, in 1631, Vesuvius erupted violently after having been dormant for more than 300 years, it aroused great interest among Europe's elite. German Jesuit and naturalist Athanasius Kircher traveled to Southern Italy to study Vesuvius, descending even in the crater. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">The volcano was almost continuously active, especially after 1750 and Naples became part of the cities traveler should visit when in Italy.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sir William Hamilton </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(1730-1803) was a British diplomat in Naples </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">from 1764 to 1798, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> He got so interested in the nearby Mount Vesuvius that in 1776 he published a </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">monograph on the mountain,</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> illustrated with stunning artwork by local painter Peter Fabris. Hamilton's "<a href="http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/search/collection/cpo" target="_blank">Campi Phlegraei: Observations on the Volcanos of the Two Sicilies</a>" is considered a pioneering work of early volcanology.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjikwpm09PKSI5Q5fl0h8mRrr2vz9YbUGt4-PSl535-OMk-k3m-wpYm0ecqoreBrUN6tFJZUj8lWnJx5Lx5wPs7Aw6HHlRM3oGBnBCYpuWzzJrjXyv4fGfPkQ3rR7QgUTO4ncf321Tavbe0/s1600/HAMILTON_1776_Mount_Vesuvius.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="689" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjikwpm09PKSI5Q5fl0h8mRrr2vz9YbUGt4-PSl535-OMk-k3m-wpYm0ecqoreBrUN6tFJZUj8lWnJx5Lx5wPs7Aw6HHlRM3oGBnBCYpuWzzJrjXyv4fGfPkQ3rR7QgUTO4ncf321Tavbe0/s320/HAMILTON_1776_Mount_Vesuvius.jpg" width="229" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in August 1779.</span></span></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXIrFeuu1sucBvWeZdaPKxiZte40nx775_mvYIs5kT4coBJmbBtyo5vAzoXtaUx3kneTUKwkfmYj5PwQR5eAf3dBDRQuBMAuLu_WFDg803aZZhbtIXBFG41__0VFByuTb6HZgSqgkPGmXx/s1600/HAMILTON_1776_Mount_Vesuvius_Eruption.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="658" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXIrFeuu1sucBvWeZdaPKxiZte40nx775_mvYIs5kT4coBJmbBtyo5vAzoXtaUx3kneTUKwkfmYj5PwQR5eAf3dBDRQuBMAuLu_WFDg803aZZhbtIXBFG41__0VFByuTb6HZgSqgkPGmXx/s320/HAMILTON_1776_Mount_Vesuvius_Eruption.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The eruption of May 1771. An Aa lava flow (recognized by the broken surface texture) passes the observer's location and reaches the sea at Resina. Note the steep, slowly advancing front of the flow. Pietro Fabris is amongst the spectators (below left) as is William Hamilton, who explains the view to other onlookers.</span></span></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUVId-9FeNWt47pmWBMNLsc209uZw7xwH6BuIw9rKkHrjoP6CMu4ve7Otw1PAPDCfs6_2cTP4Qoc8_XNHiAdgpTKTZNHwvlg6F4GxLOHqQuU5y7CubP7WDKh7NAiD4r6fg5WFYx4xvVQWO/s1600/HAMILTON_1776_Mount_Vesuvius_Crater.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="500" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUVId-9FeNWt47pmWBMNLsc209uZw7xwH6BuIw9rKkHrjoP6CMu4ve7Otw1PAPDCfs6_2cTP4Qoc8_XNHiAdgpTKTZNHwvlg6F4GxLOHqQuU5y7CubP7WDKh7NAiD4r6fg5WFYx4xvVQWO/s320/HAMILTON_1776_Mount_Vesuvius_Crater.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Inside the crater of Mount Vesuvius.</span></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOU4G_IiHD6fFUwaR8KNFvaRQjPJeQWN5h6KpvYi10pdiwhdEZh9UFsWEheSJLXkclqWl3dD48_j1EQ3XcwtTjGxPo6G1NMBL0s0q0r4g-_iEl7zBpcw6zke9wVenvtNNq-Ang9uKkzTN/s1600/HAMILTON_1776_Lava.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="500" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOU4G_IiHD6fFUwaR8KNFvaRQjPJeQWN5h6KpvYi10pdiwhdEZh9UFsWEheSJLXkclqWl3dD48_j1EQ3XcwtTjGxPo6G1NMBL0s0q0r4g-_iEl7zBpcw6zke9wVenvtNNq-Ang9uKkzTN/s320/HAMILTON_1776_Lava.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lava samples from Mount Vesuvius.</span></i></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-AkIAZOQ06EMPynK6BCBj3u-0g8xnVLKwenVhlbpzE2KEFiWhr36WLkpvUMNnBdTCHFIakrZVd8H1uYwPx5NssaUUo732FxWgcFWc6EM2f_AmZ6ZcBuWL6DpvCLGdWGFUjooMwU4B3Yu/s1600/HAMILTON_1776_Mount_Vesuvius_Eruption_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="462" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-AkIAZOQ06EMPynK6BCBj3u-0g8xnVLKwenVhlbpzE2KEFiWhr36WLkpvUMNnBdTCHFIakrZVd8H1uYwPx5NssaUUo732FxWgcFWc6EM2f_AmZ6ZcBuWL6DpvCLGdWGFUjooMwU4B3Yu/s320/HAMILTON_1776_Mount_Vesuvius_Eruption_2.jpg" width="231" /></a></div>
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Another view of the August 1779 eruption of Mount Vesuvius.</span></span></span></i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy_WdRqtCcYnerasZVRisZkbhzUipYXEzqLYgx1tEvrlTa9p6V7PwpcZSVeTiowd9yru-zFeutQBHqNZHmBlj35IySTwPjXLzv5nsrxE9Z2Fq5FbuvCnVCpqUqWZIWMeSpRa-1PyfglKOL/s1600/HAMILTON_1776_Excavation_Pompeii.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="642" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy_WdRqtCcYnerasZVRisZkbhzUipYXEzqLYgx1tEvrlTa9p6V7PwpcZSVeTiowd9yru-zFeutQBHqNZHmBlj35IySTwPjXLzv5nsrxE9Z2Fq5FbuvCnVCpqUqWZIWMeSpRa-1PyfglKOL/s320/HAMILTON_1776_Excavation_Pompeii.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">he excavation of the Temple of Isis in Pompeii. </span></span></span></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwzTLNwsmjtju6yklbRmeIHVzRzssyWGNWeyU54VFugVmpkSxz6ID_EXSkrSW506L2FL2LaPzRc3IPApdQk95hpGOuMWJgZcjqxqfI4xW2WnGX6edGjHIh4x-frgyk8RRc0Lt5w08QqhDi/s1600/HAMILTON_1776_Crater_Vulcani.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="659" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwzTLNwsmjtju6yklbRmeIHVzRzssyWGNWeyU54VFugVmpkSxz6ID_EXSkrSW506L2FL2LaPzRc3IPApdQk95hpGOuMWJgZcjqxqfI4xW2WnGX6edGjHIh4x-frgyk8RRc0Lt5w08QqhDi/s320/HAMILTON_1776_Crater_Vulcani.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Hamilton at the crater of Forum Vulcani (Solfatara near Pozzuoli), examining the sulphur and arsenic deposits near the hot springs.</span></span></span></span></i></div>
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David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-67144453524251227342018-12-09T07:50:00.003-08:002018-12-10T02:26:01.788-08:00Hitler's Geologists<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Already during the <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/11/11/how-wwi-bombs-shattered-bedrock-and-changed-geological-history/#4c1d15ad3a31" target="_blank">first World War</a> the Germans established a special class of soldiers known as "Kriegsgeologen", military geologists working on the front line in special offices called "Geologen-Stellen". Their tasks included solving water supply issues by locating the best spots for wells, locating rock-materials for construction or roads and choosing sites suitable for bridges, trenches and galleries. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 1936 Adolf Hitler, now the Führer of the German Reich, announced his Four Year Plan to boost economic growth and make the country independent from imports (an important, at the time not mentioned, goal was to prepare the economy for a coming war). This plan included also projects to map all resources available in the Reich, like rare metals and especially oil. Geologists explored old mines to find new veins of ore and until 1939 almost the entire territory of the German Reich was mapped with geophysical methods (like gravimetry and seismic survey), hoping to discover new oil fields. At the beginning of World War II. many geologists were incorporated in the "Ahnenerbe", a unit established by Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel. The Schutzstaffel (or<i> SS</i>) was a vast military organization inside the Nazi regime, controlling the police, secret police, troops but also business like quarries and mines. The Ahnenerbe was the "science institute" of the SS, dedicated to geological, archaeological and ethnological surveys, but also political propaganda and pseudo-scientific research. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2t2vN7ZKwCcXWZQbtGd331NkvqgR4xptC_ewkzX5bVSeldpvk-BdNQ9n0FnYwX0VTrkTNhmCp7VK-erwBmBU_9OiWJMMfLlNTml1C9rHBYRGMynTKrn85TsivjpaSLq8IqcPZ0ZHRIVxH/s1600/H_Himmler_Steinbruch.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="463" data-original-width="590" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2t2vN7ZKwCcXWZQbtGd331NkvqgR4xptC_ewkzX5bVSeldpvk-BdNQ9n0FnYwX0VTrkTNhmCp7VK-erwBmBU_9OiWJMMfLlNTml1C9rHBYRGMynTKrn85TsivjpaSLq8IqcPZ0ZHRIVxH/s320/H_Himmler_Steinbruch.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler visiting a quarry in southwestern Germany, 1935.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">During the field campaign to invade Poland in 1939 it was decided to establish also an "Oil Kommando", a unit of 50 geologists mapping oil reserves in occupied areas. The reserves in Germany and occupied areas were not sufficient to keep the German forces running for long. When Hitler ordered to attack the Soviet Union in summer of 1941, he hoped also to secure the rich oilfields of the Caucasus and </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="st">Crimea </span></span></span>where 80% of the Russian oil came from. Geology became now part of the war efforts and Himmler established in April 1941 the "SS-Wehrgeologen Battalion 500", the Schutzstaffel equivalent of a unit of military geologists. The battalion comprised four units, a unit specialized in the construction of tunnels (the "Stollenbau Kp"), a unit of hydrogeologists, a unit of Earth scientists (ranging from archaeologists to geophysicists) and a unit specialized in drilling operations. Members were recruited from other SS units including the Ahnenerbe. The unit included experts like Erich Marquardt, an archaeologist, Karl Heinzelmann, a geologist who worked on tectonics, and Joachim Schlorf, who studied the toxic effects of Vanadium-ore. The unit was commanded by Rolf Höhne, an archaeologist and geologist. The official tasks of the Wehrgeologen included all aspects of military geology, like prospecting for water, oil, gas and other valuable resources in the field, support during construction work of fortifications, underground mines and galleries. One project included mapping the route for a planned “Autobahn” (highway) between Berlin and the peninsula of </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="st">Crimea</span> (never realized). </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBkuaRUpfkFMPKZTDYTuOSbLg_7WwJECPrenFzBye1SnKxipkxBOU3iycoa_lIN1G-wuofxKx_PAoNakPqa632CPc_SKaMoGOl1s-Q_DI0xYk_TO0P6LuEUfdOQ2jJtaQ4qbPib-AGqa-7/s1600/BENTZ_CLOSS_1939.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="552" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBkuaRUpfkFMPKZTDYTuOSbLg_7WwJECPrenFzBye1SnKxipkxBOU3iycoa_lIN1G-wuofxKx_PAoNakPqa632CPc_SKaMoGOl1s-Q_DI0xYk_TO0P6LuEUfdOQ2jJtaQ4qbPib-AGqa-7/s320/BENTZ_CLOSS_1939.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Geophysical surveys carried out until the beginning of the war in 1939. After BENTZ and CLOSS 1939.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">However, more esoteric tasks included archaeological digs to prove the superiority of the Aryan race and research in ancient artifacts and unknown energy sources. Rolf Höhne believed in the Hollow Earth theory and published various archeological and pseudo-scientific articles on the topic. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Hollow Earth was a theory dating to the early 19th century, claiming that after a series of natural disasters a race of superior beings survived in a vast undergroudn reign, accessible only be gateways hidden in the mountain ranges around the globe.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 1943 the Wehrgeologen were sent to northern and southern Europe to help build a defense line along the coasts of France and in the Italian Alps. The "Blaue Linie" was a system of fortifications to be built in the Prealps to stop the allied forces, landing at the time Sicily. An even more ambitious plan included the idea to use the mountains as the “Alpenfestung”, a mountain fortress as a last refugium for the Nazis. In the Bretagne and Normandy, they helped to plan a defense line against a possible <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/06/06/how-geology-influenced-the-landing-in-normandy-on-d-day/#1d5c1cb919d6" target="_blank">invasion by allied forces from the sea</a>. The "Hindernisbau" consisted of a system of antitank obstacles along the beaches, bunkers hidden in the rocky cliffs and areas to be flooded in case of successful landfall of allied troops. In France and the Netherlands, the geologists studied the best location to build the launch pads for the secret rocket project of the Reich. The ground had to be stable enough to absorb the vibrations caused by the launch of the Vergeltungswaffe V1 and V2.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgem22HrlR3NtWnHtp0TGalpr8Iqku9M83gtjgQXZrW8wIDELR1yi5BN9vmqPsTudiM6fXoWZj_YmQlf4KxCyZVXbKh6_4FFKwSTbeOlIuazH8XnOhFOaUy6Q0efnWAaqh209UHoJNNM_xk/s1600/V2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="818" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgem22HrlR3NtWnHtp0TGalpr8Iqku9M83gtjgQXZrW8wIDELR1yi5BN9vmqPsTudiM6fXoWZj_YmQlf4KxCyZVXbKh6_4FFKwSTbeOlIuazH8XnOhFOaUy6Q0efnWAaqh209UHoJNNM_xk/s320/V2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A V2 on the launch ramp. Called the 'flying bomb', it was used by the Germans to bomb English cities towards the end of the war.</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Wehrgeologen </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Battalion</span></span> now included 600 men, both academics as soldiers. When air raids became more frequent over Germany in the last years of the war, mines or galleries were used to store ammunition and later also to host industries of strategic importance, like weapons production and research labs. Also, new underground bunkers were excavated, often involving forced labor of inmates of concentration camps. More than 800 subterranean bunkers and galleries are mentioned in contemporary documents, 400 still exist today.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />In spring of 1945, shortly before the defeat of the Reich, the Stollenbau Kp helped in the construction of "Klein Berlin", a vast system of underground bunkers located beneath the Italian city of Trieste. During this operation, the geologists explored also caves and ancient mines, in part prospecting for valuable minerals, but also searching for the mystic gateway to an ancient underground reign. Based on research by two members of the Ahnenerbe, Wilhelm Teudt and Josef Heinsch, the city of Triest was built supposedly over a force field, the "Heiligen Linien", of subterranean origin. Nazi geologists searching the gateway to the Hollow Earth sounds like the plot for a bad movie. This should not hide the cruel reality of the war and the regime. The SS Wehrgeologen were also involved in war crimes, like the assassination of civilians in the Italian village of Laita.</span></span></div>
David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-82206612138626251332018-11-11T11:32:00.002-08:002018-11-11T11:33:39.240-08:00How WWI Bombs Shattered Bedrock And Changed Geological History<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The war in Europe began as a battle between infantry and cavalry,
like in old times, and was believed to be quickly over. However, new
weapons, like the machine-gun or heavy artillery, made direct attacks
almost impossible as soldiers were killed in their thousands. The war
quickly became a war of attrition as both sides dug in in a network of
trenches and tunnels separated by the “No Man’s Land.” </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One hundred years after the end of <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/11/11/how-wwi-bombs-shattered-bedrock-and-changed-geological-history/#7adeb2be3a31" target="_blank">World War I traces can be still found in the landscape</a>.</span></div>
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David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-31855506257572611122018-11-05T12:07:00.000-08:002018-11-05T12:37:56.557-08:00Alpine Tsunami<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Strange as it may seem, also high in the mountains there is a tsunami risk.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />In the Alps, various event can trigger a tsunami, like earthquakes, landslides or glacial lake outbursts. The 1806 tsunami of Lake Lauerzer (Switzerland) was caused by a large landslide and killed almost 500 people. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpI57HlLlXHv6z4Jy-P1ilYb4x0hS7noodxjizbiJEmUGg3WhcpX0P3RWUu4y8AibqELpwGbV_6fPJF2J6Mrj0ColuVSdC3SeYI-ZKIgSxbkJYMsJept36rbes2a9MniCdY_WG4i5xEn04/s1600/SCHMID_1806_Goldauer_Landslide.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="553" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpI57HlLlXHv6z4Jy-P1ilYb4x0hS7noodxjizbiJEmUGg3WhcpX0P3RWUu4y8AibqELpwGbV_6fPJF2J6Mrj0ColuVSdC3SeYI-ZKIgSxbkJYMsJept36rbes2a9MniCdY_WG4i5xEn04/s320/SCHMID_1806_Goldauer_Landslide.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Painting of the 1806 tsunami of Lake Lauerz made by David Alois Schmid, who observed the disaster from his hometown Schwyz.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In September 1601 an earthquake hit the area of Lake Lucerne. The 5.9 magnitude earthquake triggered both an underwater landslide as a rockfall from the nearby Bürgenstock mountain. The resulting wave was almost four meters high and inundated "a thousand steps" (50 to 100 meters) broad area around the lake. Eight people were killed. In 1867 a second wave caused widespread destruction. As no earthquake was recorded before the tsunami, experts believe that the collapse of lake sediments and an underwater landslide caused the wave. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In October 1963 the entire slope of Mount Toc in the Italian Dolomites collapsed. Within 30 to 40 seconds estimated 240 to 270 million cubic meters of rock plunged into the reservoir of Vajont, filling the 400 meters deep gorge behind the dam. The wave generated by the impact of the landslide traveled 140 meters up on the opposite shore, reaching some buildings of the village of Erto. At the moment of the impact,the reservoir contained 115 million cubic meters of water. The landslide pushed part of the water out of the lake, producing a wave with a maximal height of 230 to 240 meters. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A 100 to 150 meters high wave rushed into the gorge of the Vajont, in direction of the larger and inhabited Piave valley. There the wave destroyed the villages of Longarone, Pirago, Villanova, Rivalta and Fae, and in less than 15 minutes more than 2,000 people were killed.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Glacier outburst floods (GOF) refer to the rapid and sudden discharge of water from within a glacier or from an ice-dammed lake. In the Alps and Cascades most outburst floods occur in the summer, when the melting glaciers provide large quantities of water. In the Andes and the Himalaya also another type of floods is common, outbursts from moraine-dammed lakes, referred to as glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF). Floods resulting from moraine-dam failure have been increasing in frequency in the Himalaya over the past 70 years. One of the best-documented examples happened in August 1985, when the terminus of the Langmoche Glacier in the Khumbu Himal collapsed into the Dig Tsho glacial lake, triggering a wave overflowing the moraine. The wave destroyed a power plant and five people were killed.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNASczv9A9CpYoEgSuvAd9U2FfOquDf5EcVZ0L3pn8cPO-N_nnu2KXUdDayI6zy1i-f9AmONVpYVmwokhJ6tVVDfWRB8ZyjHIobKMcpeqQ5SQ-LOwEazGQuw10P3jBh9CeoM_hyEjtU_oy/s1600/Paron_Lake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="450" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNASczv9A9CpYoEgSuvAd9U2FfOquDf5EcVZ0L3pn8cPO-N_nnu2KXUdDayI6zy1i-f9AmONVpYVmwokhJ6tVVDfWRB8ZyjHIobKMcpeqQ5SQ-LOwEazGQuw10P3jBh9CeoM_hyEjtU_oy/s320/Paron_Lake.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Laguna Paron (Cordillera Blanca, Peru) in 2009, a lake dammed by the glacier Hatunraju with a capacity of 75 million cubic meters. The lake is surrounded by a 250 meters high moraine. If this dam fails an outburst of around 50 million cubic meters could flood the valleys downstream.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The worst glacial lake outburst in historic time was caused by the failure of such a moraine-dam in Peru, when in December 1941 the town of Huaraz was partially destroyed by a flood, 60.000 people were killed.</span></i></div>
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David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-19226586428243863282018-10-31T07:24:00.001-07:002018-10-31T07:38:49.913-07:00It’s sedimentary, my dear Watson<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">February 20, 1949 Mrs. Henrietta Helen Olivia Roberts Durand-Deacon, a wealthy widow, disappeared from the Onslow Court Hotel located in South Kensington, London. The police interviewed the residents and soon John George Haigh became a suspect, as he was the last person to have be seen together with the woman. He led the police to an old storeroom on Leopold Road in Sussex, where they discovered strange and suspicious tools – a revolver, some rubber protective clothing and three containers filled with sulphuric acid.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">During the interrogation Haigh suddenly confessed to an incredible crime, “<i>Mrs. Durand-Deacon no longer exists. She has disappeared completely, and no trace of her can ever be found again. I have destroyed her with acid. You will find the sludge which remains on Leopold Road. But you can’t prove murder without a body.</i>” </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fortunately, Haigh ignored one important fact in his euphoria: the law doesn’t require a body to incriminate him – it requires a corpus delicti - the evidence that a murder happened. Forensic pathologist Keith Simpson examined carefully the ground at the supposed crime scene. He noted something unusual, a small pebble which he described as follows: “<i>It was about the size of a cherry, and looked very much like the other stones, except it had polished facets.</i>“ Simpson realized that he had found the evidence to prove the murder. The pebble was a gallstone from poor Mrs. Durand-Deacon. Gallstone can form from calcium-salts and organic substances in the gallbladder. A thin layer of organic matter protected the pebbles from being dissolved in the acid. John George Haigh, who was ultimately suspected of committing an entire series of murders, was sentenced later to death.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This forensic case was an unusual example of how rocks can help solve a crime. However already in the mid of the 19th century people realized that rocks, soils and the science of geology could be used to reconstruct a crime and provide circumstantial evidence to connect a suspect with the crime scene. An 1856 one issue of the magazine “<i>Scientific American</i>” reported the “<i>Curious Use of the Microscope</i>” to help clarify a case of thievery:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“<i>Recently, on one of the Prussian railroads, a barrel which should have contained silver coin, was found, on arrival at its destination, to have been emptied of its precious contents, and refilled with sand. On Professor Ehrenberg, of Berlin [1795-1896, famous zoologist and geologist] from Leipzig in, being consulted on the subject, he sent for samples of sand from all the stations along the different lines of railway that the specie had passed, and by means of his microscope, identified the station from which the interpolated sand must have been taken. The station once fixed upon, it was not difficult to hit upon the culprit in the small number of employees on duty there.</i>“</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Influenced by the rapid development of science, the British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle introduced in 1887 a new kind of detective, who based his crime solving abilities on the scientific and forensic clues that everybody acquired or left behind by touching objects, or simply walking on muddy ground: “<i>Knowledge of Geology. – Practical, but limited. Tells at a glance different soils from each other. After walks has shown me splashes upon his trousers, and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of London he had received them."</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">About at the same time as Doyle published his fictional adventures, the Austrian professor of criminology Hans Gross (1847-1915) published various textbooks dealing with forensic investigations methods. In his “<i>System der Kriminalistik</i>” (Criminal Investigation, published in 1891) he proposed that the police should carefully study geomorphological maps, to infer possible sites where criminals could commit crimes or hide bodies – like forests, ponds, streams or sites with a well. In 1893 Gross published his “<i>Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter</i>” (Handbook for Examining Magistrates), where he explained how the petrographic composition of dirt found on shoes could indicate where a suspect went previously. Based on these ideas, in 1910 the French physician Edmund Locard (1877-1966) established the basic exchange principle of environmental profiling:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“<i>Whenever two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of material. The methods of detection may not be sensitive enough to demonstrate this, or the decay rate may be so rapid that all evidence of transfer has vanished after a given time. Nonetheless, the transfer has taken place.</i>“</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The German chemist Georg Popp (1867-1928) was the first investigator to solve a murder case by adopting the principles of Gross and Locard and considering soil as reliable evidence. In the spring of 1908 Margarethe Filbert was murdered near Rockenhausen in Bavaria. The local attorney had read Hans Gross’s handbook and know Popp from an earlier case, where Popp connected a strangled woman to the suspect by mineral grains of hornblende found in the mucus of the victim’s nose and under the fingernails of the suspect.<br />In the Filbert case a local factory worker named Andreas Schlicher was suspected, however he claimed that on the day of the murder he was working in the fields.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Popp reconstructed the movements of the suspect by analyzing the dirt found on his shoes. The uppermost layer, thus the oldest, contained goose droppings and earth from the courtyard of the suspect’s home. A second layer contained red sandstone fragments and other particles of a soil found also where the body of the victim was discovered. The last layer contained brick fragments, coal dust, cement and a whole series of other materials also found on the site where the suspect’s gun and clothing had been found. However, there were no mineral grains – fragments of porphyry, quartz and mica- on the shoes. Since these were found in the soils of the field where Schlicher supposedly worked the very same day, he was obviously lying.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the last two decades, the significance of forensic geology increased steadily. It is applied not only to connect single suspects to criminal cases, but also to trace the provenience of explosive, drugs or smuggled goods, including wildlife, not to mention the possible applications to detect cases against the environmental law. Forensic geology also proved valuable to reconstruct and uncover modern war crimes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1997 the United Nations International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (UN ICTY) began exhuming five mass graves in north-eastern Bosnia associated with the massacre of civilians in and around the town of Srebrenica in July 1995. Intelligence reports showed that 3 months after the initial executions of civilians, the primary mass graves had been exhumed and the bodies transported over a 1-3 day period to a number of unknown (but at least 19) secondary grave sites. To prosecute the suspects, it was necessary to prove that the now recovered bodies came without doubt from Srebrenica, and that therefore the later dislocation of the graves was intentionally to hide these war crimes. Two grave sites were intensively studied and samples of the grave fills and surrounding soils and bedrock collected. Soil samples can be screened by their content of minerals and rocks, the size and form of single mineral or rock grains, biochemistry of organic substances, microbiology, remains of invertebrates and plants and pollen and spores preserved in it. These various parameters can vary in so many ways, every soil can be regarded as unique. Comparing the parameters between samples recovered from the victim or the suspect and collected at the crime sites it is possible to establish a unique connection between them.<br />During the investigations in Bosnia a clast of serpentinite found in one of the secondary gravesites proved to be the decisive evidence. This greenish rock connected one secondary grave site with only one primary site – only there an outcrop with a serpentinite dyke could be found. Similarity, the presence or absence of particular clay minerals, depending on the surrounding geology of the primary burial site, connected or excluded the primary to the secondary sites.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The list of fascinating or strange cases solved thanks to forensic geology would surprise even Sherlock Holmes himself.</span>David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-73646153199052737992018-10-12T05:02:00.001-07:002018-10-12T05:26:03.908-07:00Books Giveaway III<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I'm
giving away a bunch of books (<a href="http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2018/09/books-giveaway.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2018/10/books-giveaway-ii.html" target="_blank">here</a>) as I need the space and also facing some
money issues , voluntary contribution if not specified otherwise,
mailing is possible if recipient covers costs of package and mail from
Italy - worldwide. If interested in one or more books please contact by
e-mail: HistoryGeology"add"gmail.com</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span>SPINAR, Z.V. (1976): Quando l'uomo non c'era. Hardcover, 228 pages, rich collection of paleoartist's Zdenek Burian paintings.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />DA RIO, Piero (1974): Trecento milioni di anni fa – Grande atlante di paleozoologia. Hardcover, 233 pages, rich collection of paleoartist's<a href="https://chasmosaurs.blogspot.com/2011/12/vintage-dinosaur-art-eva-hulsmann.html" target="_blank"> Eva Hülsmann paintings</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />KRUMBIEGEL Günter und Brigitte (2001): Faszination Bernstein. Softcover, 111 pages, various black and white drawings and color photos.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />CANFIELD, Michael, R. (2011): Field Notes on Science and Nature. Hardcover, 297 pages, various black and white photos.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">RUDWICK, Martin J.S. (1985): The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology. Softcover, 304 pages, black and white photos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O'CONNOR Ralph (2007): The Earth on Show -Fossils and the Poetics of Popular Science, 1802-1856. Hardcover, 542 pages, black and white drawings and photos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">MURRAY, Raymond C. (2011): Evidence from the Earth - Forensic Geology and Criminal Investigation. Softcover, 200 pages, black and white drawings and photos.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />BOLLEN Ludger (2008): Der Flug des Archaeopetryx. Hardcover, 272 pages, various color illustrations and photos.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />THENIUS Erich (2000): Lebende Fossilien – Oldtimer der Tier und Pflanzenwelt Zeugen der Urzeit. Hardcover, 228 pages. Various black and white drawings, color photos.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">DUZER, Chet Van (2015): Seeungeheuer und Monsterfische - Sagenhafte Kreaturen auf alten Karte.<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardcover, 144 pages. Various black and white drawings, color photos.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">More
books will be added soon or certan topics (mostly geology, history,
anthropology, biology in English or German) can be requested per e-mail.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-46824653581509671532018-10-01T04:50:00.004-07:002018-10-01T05:37:12.426-07:00Books Giveaway II<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I'm
giving away a bunch of books as I need the space and also facing some
money issues , voluntary contribution if not specified otherwise,
mailing is possible if recipient covers costs of package and mail from
Italy - worldwide. If interested in one or more books please contact by
e-mail: HistoryGeology"add"gmail.com<br /><br />Peter Rothe (2005): Gesteine - Entstehung -Zerstörung -Umbildung. Hardback with 192 pages, color photos and </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">black and white/</span>color diagrams.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Peter Rothe (2000): Erdgeschichte - Spurensuche im Gestein. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 238 pages, color photos and </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">black and white/</span>color diagrams.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wolf von Engelhardt (2003): Goethe im Gespräch mit der Erde - Landschaft, Gesteine, Mineralien und Erdgeschichte in seinem Leben und Werk. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 375 pages, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">black and white</span> figures.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wicander and Monroe (2000): Historical Geology - Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Softcover with 579 pages, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">black and white</span>/color photos and figures.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mark Renz (2005): Giants in the Storm. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Softcover with 257 pages, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">black and white</span> photos and figures.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bayerisches Landesamt für Geologie (2012): Nicht von dieser Welt - Bayerns Meteorite. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 128 pages, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">black and white</span>/color photos and figures, maps.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Brian Switek (2010): Written in Stone - Evolution, the Fossil Record, and Our Place in Nature. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Softcover with 315 pages, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">black and white</span> photos and figures.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Turek, Marek und Benes (1991): Fossilien - Handbuch und Führer für den Sammler. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 495 pages, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">color photos and figures.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Duda, Rejl und Slivka (1995): Mineralien - Handbuch und Führer für den Sammler. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 520 pages, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">color photos and figures.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Uwe George (1993): Expedition in die Urwelt - Paläontologie: Die Erforschung der steinernen Zeit. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 332 pages, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">color photos and figures.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Miles Barton et al. (2003): Wildes Amerika - Zeugen der Eiszeit. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 192 pages, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">color photos and figures.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Time Life Bücher (1993): Der Planet Erde - Edelmetalle. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 176 pages, black and white/</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">color photos and figures.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hans Anton Stalder udn Franz Haverkamp (1973): Mineralien - Verborgene Schätze unserer Alpen. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 175 pages, black and white/</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">color photos and figures.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEN2Mqg2_ryCuyLaOwoI_jrG39lCxIROzuPnilj35pYCM5WgeYC4ZR2Rncw09yXIVOMU7cNngLUNXsn9rBwVcZOOB-WDhCxhbCA8VM9Rww4WRH1BLqBGhEqMG1EiYs-zGtRvDd-h1k3MqR/s1600/STALDER_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEN2Mqg2_ryCuyLaOwoI_jrG39lCxIROzuPnilj35pYCM5WgeYC4ZR2Rncw09yXIVOMU7cNngLUNXsn9rBwVcZOOB-WDhCxhbCA8VM9Rww4WRH1BLqBGhEqMG1EiYs-zGtRvDd-h1k3MqR/s320/STALDER_01.jpg" width="261" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDs1cBtzx8R_v0AcslEv25eyy2AUq84Io2_BdSNbR-g2dOpfFqzRlms0tPjK1ARjJRxrgegAD7isbdseEUyvunKjoEZ3f-rA2rdlV3YAdIG_PDkq0DsGn6F76NWRECpf_EYgsihRiQXBBb/s1600/STALDER_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="700" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDs1cBtzx8R_v0AcslEv25eyy2AUq84Io2_BdSNbR-g2dOpfFqzRlms0tPjK1ARjJRxrgegAD7isbdseEUyvunKjoEZ3f-rA2rdlV3YAdIG_PDkq0DsGn6F76NWRECpf_EYgsihRiQXBBb/s320/STALDER_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2018/09/books-giveaway.html" target="_blank">Books Giveways I</a>.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span>David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-165683751752659542018-09-28T03:48:00.002-07:002018-09-28T05:28:08.980-07:00Books Giveaway<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I'm giving away a bunch of books as I need the space and also facing some money issues , voluntary contribution if not specified otherwise, mailing is possible if recipient covers costs of package and mail from Italy - worldwide. If interested in one or more books please contact by e-mail: HistoryGeology"add"gmail.com<br /><br />Jane P. Davidson (2008): A History of Paleontology Illustration. Hardback with 217 pages and 89 black & white photos and 8 color photos.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCdhjkd5itI3RgHg9eYn3vM8ca-PTj4DYoFPPDi5Kx-Hmy3BCMXl9Fey_57BXwbwT4lFuu4oa5i9ig_jkf14qKnheJYIABm7DptlFBxDjaJs6Xwlxjpc8jXUZjeuxuTd6TyA0D0bYSpJj6/s1600/DAVIDSON_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCdhjkd5itI3RgHg9eYn3vM8ca-PTj4DYoFPPDi5Kx-Hmy3BCMXl9Fey_57BXwbwT4lFuu4oa5i9ig_jkf14qKnheJYIABm7DptlFBxDjaJs6Xwlxjpc8jXUZjeuxuTd6TyA0D0bYSpJj6/s320/DAVIDSON_01.jpg" width="221" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKONDUiJoIj-oDrxXDgsnWiDn4HCiTfv4NSTUHpKP_Mey5MZ1BTl-4_kwtHXWtBI4h72RouAsvB5FonqSiO-Q9GBsBBMBYhFfi_NCaYeQqb1zjnCePNS_WqpPNDlYNPNUCOea7mCdW700l/s1600/DAVIDSON_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="500" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKONDUiJoIj-oDrxXDgsnWiDn4HCiTfv4NSTUHpKP_Mey5MZ1BTl-4_kwtHXWtBI4h72RouAsvB5FonqSiO-Q9GBsBBMBYhFfi_NCaYeQqb1zjnCePNS_WqpPNDlYNPNUCOea7mCdW700l/s320/DAVIDSON_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Shelley Emling (2009): The Fossil Hunter: Dinosaurs, Evolution, and the Woman Whose Discoveries Changed the World. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 234 pages and black and white photos insert.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF-n0K8ae67wyNdKAFgNNolGcZXyhD0YaiYZpCGqbCrVa7_fTZCr5krJUnU2lhN9XAfnkniHkUgms4uHJp3fJFjbaS4V1tzivZeGpBj1ttyXPtR_1tflSZmEWJDg5ESb0re0iBn4hjOtle/s1600/EMLING_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF-n0K8ae67wyNdKAFgNNolGcZXyhD0YaiYZpCGqbCrVa7_fTZCr5krJUnU2lhN9XAfnkniHkUgms4uHJp3fJFjbaS4V1tzivZeGpBj1ttyXPtR_1tflSZmEWJDg5ESb0re0iBn4hjOtle/s320/EMLING_01.jpg" width="213" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZO5CrAKxt0naEhOGt-51NK7B7zrI05AS32KBz4Ai6TfM2gQJkEthekKeTCHlmAQ95eEZ1OHGnWZCbwtohyphenhyphenG0msws3ShLsnCtX82TKY1Ezaon3-vVzYptCdbx0o96c4Cg80WbnqEJELRQ/s1600/EMLING_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="500" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZO5CrAKxt0naEhOGt-51NK7B7zrI05AS32KBz4Ai6TfM2gQJkEthekKeTCHlmAQ95eEZ1OHGnWZCbwtohyphenhyphenG0msws3ShLsnCtX82TKY1Ezaon3-vVzYptCdbx0o96c4Cg80WbnqEJELRQ/s320/EMLING_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kenneth D. Rose (2006): Beginning of the Age of Mammals. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with 428 pages and black and white photos and drawings [book as new, 100 Euros all included]</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR8U3zLkUdQu8NtoQwso_nI5-n5ayjEBv31030I93GbfpCTZJlwvnDLShEEWJX0tK5PwL8pzSzVWXAfMc1nt9zzNmC7_kdisdQzk6bdIs5cwbJWlfvYX47t9QxpiwhBcxM8HYfxv97Ay9-/s1600/ROSE_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="386" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR8U3zLkUdQu8NtoQwso_nI5-n5ayjEBv31030I93GbfpCTZJlwvnDLShEEWJX0tK5PwL8pzSzVWXAfMc1nt9zzNmC7_kdisdQzk6bdIs5cwbJWlfvYX47t9QxpiwhBcxM8HYfxv97Ay9-/s320/ROSE_01.jpg" width="247" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUaoRxaOCLdPKbcysBb6l3VJZyeiOsSb-hRPeAw7bAfOSkdd0BSgRc4l8TjlBPNKO8PBbqTU0L_C8EWJj9M5AXNrdtEZepnED0VhkHjdnZCMmQqfk-JKVqL7-EzcDlUJlnedjLsbCRpX9M/s1600/ROSE_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="600" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUaoRxaOCLdPKbcysBb6l3VJZyeiOsSb-hRPeAw7bAfOSkdd0BSgRc4l8TjlBPNKO8PBbqTU0L_C8EWJj9M5AXNrdtEZepnED0VhkHjdnZCMmQqfk-JKVqL7-EzcDlUJlnedjLsbCRpX9M/s320/ROSE_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Edmund Blair Bolles (1999): The Ice Finders: How a Poet, a Professor, and a Politician Discovered the Ice Age. Softcover with 257 pages.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVAjRlF66GGYaEAYDZdEuP5ME9FUwlK2vjKUCr3G7h-_5kEyAPE-AaIqx6poN9FPbP8xfNq3z5ZamXDqPXk5v-PF4wZWkHhh_ns_RenGNV71aaKZVqQ0GEhwfQS9kZoImfCBYDv6FfDBv5/s1600/BOLLES_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVAjRlF66GGYaEAYDZdEuP5ME9FUwlK2vjKUCr3G7h-_5kEyAPE-AaIqx6poN9FPbP8xfNq3z5ZamXDqPXk5v-PF4wZWkHhh_ns_RenGNV71aaKZVqQ0GEhwfQS9kZoImfCBYDv6FfDBv5/s320/BOLLES_01.jpg" width="190" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Richard Conniff (2011): The Species Seekers: Heroes, Fools, and the Mad Pursuit of Life on Earth. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with </span></span>464 pages, black and white drawings.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ1hZDayTjTlIESTtbNluhXKSga_CWnGZGtLG9hHLuXcqN-8_kUFcMeG-ShbVa-3SOGTlYAYUSuQnqnf18eVEy-5SVGl48Rvf3gwV_nuiPo8eOnzk0HIfc_M0glmF9nzUAU5b9dkPG8gaF/s1600/CONNIFF_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="333" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ1hZDayTjTlIESTtbNluhXKSga_CWnGZGtLG9hHLuXcqN-8_kUFcMeG-ShbVa-3SOGTlYAYUSuQnqnf18eVEy-5SVGl48Rvf3gwV_nuiPo8eOnzk0HIfc_M0glmF9nzUAU5b9dkPG8gaF/s320/CONNIFF_.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cis Van Vuure (2005): Retracting the Aurochs - History, Morphology and Ecology of an extinct Wild Ox. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with </span></span>424 pages, numerous black and white and color photos and figures. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTKinDrfsNSv0NYI8PF7xej2jztgYlqetIiZ286bspZo0X_mU7470SsnmSAF19GLYqkqty0Phe2VF-QyhbC440iYZr0UlUb8pNK6jV7ztkc-khQGYjxLgIuUc8pRsohpXp_pnIujeGH5da/s1600/VUURE_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="689" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTKinDrfsNSv0NYI8PF7xej2jztgYlqetIiZ286bspZo0X_mU7470SsnmSAF19GLYqkqty0Phe2VF-QyhbC440iYZr0UlUb8pNK6jV7ztkc-khQGYjxLgIuUc8pRsohpXp_pnIujeGH5da/s320/VUURE_.jpg" width="232" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">R. Dale Guthrie (2005): The Nature of Paleolithic Art.<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hardback with </span></span>520 pages, 20 halftones and 847 line drawings.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrwtKlxLcl8cJa1oQodzFgDkoCa3Hn-hanZppys1FlpdYZtRE9IuZzNiRGnom3B5mf1jodLLgL4MUbj55QGtUivgaedNjW5YT8lxrKrjHlytQkYBtPPAG7v4vwt7i4uR0NrC4BhOzuNNqY/s1600/GUTHRIE_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="463" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrwtKlxLcl8cJa1oQodzFgDkoCa3Hn-hanZppys1FlpdYZtRE9IuZzNiRGnom3B5mf1jodLLgL4MUbj55QGtUivgaedNjW5YT8lxrKrjHlytQkYBtPPAG7v4vwt7i4uR0NrC4BhOzuNNqY/s320/GUTHRIE_01.jpg" width="276" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4-iRTPGD5xKQBjx8UWevlLMs64iR7D0-LLpE1wik_dWLe1OxOpnM_M4TfldPw8ULLUL8zSQyu9w828DAsjLF1yFnvZxEabBOXSggBVUGJslV9W8DF0u51S7Cpp8j83beBirPBp8IYQP6/s1600/GUTHRIE_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="600" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4-iRTPGD5xKQBjx8UWevlLMs64iR7D0-LLpE1wik_dWLe1OxOpnM_M4TfldPw8ULLUL8zSQyu9w828DAsjLF1yFnvZxEabBOXSggBVUGJslV9W8DF0u51S7Cpp8j83beBirPBp8IYQP6/s320/GUTHRIE_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dennis R. Dean (1999): Gideon Mantell and the Discovery of Dinosaurs. Softcover with 312 pages, various black and white photos and drawings.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2S6zaV92qWHjgxT60DYqLoWkHtz29N6yFRyXM36YFcL4J6NnMPm00hqxSlVp-Jg8lbPU3JZ-S5nhM83VUrOFN9k73IF16AnDWw4vZGo33fy7ZhOZmyCEbxfMtIXEneHFtbq13H1GHh4ey/s1600/DEAN_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="314" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2S6zaV92qWHjgxT60DYqLoWkHtz29N6yFRyXM36YFcL4J6NnMPm00hqxSlVp-Jg8lbPU3JZ-S5nhM83VUrOFN9k73IF16AnDWw4vZGo33fy7ZhOZmyCEbxfMtIXEneHFtbq13H1GHh4ey/s320/DEAN_.jpg" width="201" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Martin J.S. Rudwick (1997): Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes. Softcover with301 pages, with black and white figures.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_z8ERwH5h8_hjP2gvbHqKvJ_LfgFe53AaC4baCvAGZgHlowFloa00vUWmFWl9eVtW49cwEbbnXIi6n54sWceNVpDjUd0aaMYnJtZs4rbNpnudwF3CSsnNFLzWHFQFFDDVKtccpFxKOONY/s1600/RUDWICK_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_z8ERwH5h8_hjP2gvbHqKvJ_LfgFe53AaC4baCvAGZgHlowFloa00vUWmFWl9eVtW49cwEbbnXIi6n54sWceNVpDjUd0aaMYnJtZs4rbNpnudwF3CSsnNFLzWHFQFFDDVKtccpFxKOONY/s320/RUDWICK_01.jpg" width="197" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Steve White (2012): Dinosaur Art - The World's Greatest Paleoart. Hardback with 188 pages, richly illustrated with color paintings.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBMWA2YEe4fh2W6eq3k4QePhyZxAcUGKSctSIQDsBqaqn2ltYO0c_3MkG0larKNjSQWuv0CrFXbOc3o-QsAcmnGGPJiMe_BOwpZF318uaOsfgdt_aOdUnam8LleRsYS6b5bw-I0rs4137h/s1600/WHITE_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="411" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBMWA2YEe4fh2W6eq3k4QePhyZxAcUGKSctSIQDsBqaqn2ltYO0c_3MkG0larKNjSQWuv0CrFXbOc3o-QsAcmnGGPJiMe_BOwpZF318uaOsfgdt_aOdUnam8LleRsYS6b5bw-I0rs4137h/s320/WHITE_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Wooden build-it-yourself dinosaur skeletons models giveway, various species.</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5zBi1CuV65ci1dNGdxT-6niwQKhm3DC5EDBhi86F8_79BqcSXMSlqkKDKd-YPrLjZmSR7gGgGHr7Jf6aEp3gyn6qCTmHebyMmiN4Nz_ziXUrtpsv_Uky6iVFamjOn42hDh6jhsmB4uFAs/s1600/35628984_1585393344902608_7751502854937903104_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="800" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5zBi1CuV65ci1dNGdxT-6niwQKhm3DC5EDBhi86F8_79BqcSXMSlqkKDKd-YPrLjZmSR7gGgGHr7Jf6aEp3gyn6qCTmHebyMmiN4Nz_ziXUrtpsv_Uky6iVFamjOn42hDh6jhsmB4uFAs/s320/35628984_1585393344902608_7751502854937903104_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Munich Mineral Show Catalog, various years, 214 pages, color photos.</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-1Vk4JXUEAyNEL86VPKw2mZa0aw4kp98cb7xqJVTNuHiLPpWlZontawACfVqoKYJc8HP4ThfkRFWS6Th7bmNU49FOKLPgy4tjOyEaU2aNYA0Uh7CBONOS4bHtF1Q7_vYeit9UyW6ASAE/s1600/Munich_Show_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="500" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-1Vk4JXUEAyNEL86VPKw2mZa0aw4kp98cb7xqJVTNuHiLPpWlZontawACfVqoKYJc8HP4ThfkRFWS6Th7bmNU49FOKLPgy4tjOyEaU2aNYA0Uh7CBONOS4bHtF1Q7_vYeit9UyW6ASAE/s320/Munich_Show_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Johannes Weigelt (1999): Rezente Wirbeltierleichen und ihre paläobiologische Bedeutung. Gebundens Buch mit 288, Unveränderte Neuauflage der 1930 Ausgabe.</span></span><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"> </span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj18ZEgL6TzwDglXDCfa5JAHQkULDysvX4Sqx8t5Cmc-3WW-zZA7fWnCTgd2O3YKFbKmO4gQbormOwuYGngcLp8CwzZNrjgpcsOKbKeGSo61BvjdfHXGP61Rzfl1kXcS3fCeyxYOFBebXq/s1600/WIGELT_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="500" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj18ZEgL6TzwDglXDCfa5JAHQkULDysvX4Sqx8t5Cmc-3WW-zZA7fWnCTgd2O3YKFbKmO4gQbormOwuYGngcLp8CwzZNrjgpcsOKbKeGSo61BvjdfHXGP61Rzfl1kXcS3fCeyxYOFBebXq/s320/WIGELT_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Frank Sirocko (2012): Wetter, Klima, Menschheitsentwicklung - Von der Eiszeit bis ins 21. Jahrhundert. Gebundenes Buch, 208 Seiten, zahlreiche Farbabbildungen.</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9AAknt8DNXRvy4CozBh9x3FN0Vo4-VBlWkrcknj9VWuHTtQQpypX8jrxyDlzgCC-81BvQqOP_DeQHzkeWnWUX_a8X8VFxCFHyYe9yCYmtWZ3iaf6spvLlD1-S7MUFPLu67QFuMi7TAYTb/s1600/SIROCKO_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9AAknt8DNXRvy4CozBh9x3FN0Vo4-VBlWkrcknj9VWuHTtQQpypX8jrxyDlzgCC-81BvQqOP_DeQHzkeWnWUX_a8X8VFxCFHyYe9yCYmtWZ3iaf6spvLlD1-S7MUFPLu67QFuMi7TAYTb/s320/SIROCKO_01.jpg" width="243" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVVHD-MN2eAIYFgOKQeqh9suNOrj0Mt4apw42kDVZWZ0PVTjjVdrf_db0HKWfuE6ZsfzvJaah9xUVfLpMCq6qlqnoS_9dRWvJhv3s1jhuFzJ5tQycjxR79Ds3muxCqkYDENVm4Kg2V7Jzz/s1600/SIROCKO_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="700" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVVHD-MN2eAIYFgOKQeqh9suNOrj0Mt4apw42kDVZWZ0PVTjjVdrf_db0HKWfuE6ZsfzvJaah9xUVfLpMCq6qlqnoS_9dRWvJhv3s1jhuFzJ5tQycjxR79Ds3muxCqkYDENVm4Kg2V7Jzz/s320/SIROCKO_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">More books will be added soon or certan topics (mostly geology, history, anthropology, biology in English or German) can be requested per e-mail.</span></span></span>David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-41472790645170155842018-09-09T05:53:00.001-07:002018-09-09T05:54:02.938-07:00Strange New Worlds: The Geology Of Star Trek's Planets<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Space:
the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise.
Its five-year mission: to explore strange new worlds. To seek out new
life and new civilizations. To boldly go where no man has gone before!</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />As
with any good science-fiction, our fascination with Star Trek comes
from the combination of real science with fantastic possibilities. When
you think of science in the show, disciplines like engineering,
astronomy, physics and biology probably spring to mind first. However,
the show actually <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/09/08/strange-new-worlds-the-geology-of-star-treks-planets/#343479274ca7" target="_blank">features also a lot of geology</a>.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmQs1XKuU_v4xB7Az8ojAY2ixXxtJFa99BLCyFQDmcX8SYHifPvkRTu26ODep2Hfx2Ul5PaE0BiBQTdUOSRpRwgg8qhrYWhvcJu1zSjxwqPZR4uLruhEyDj1G0bzkWYVMsv_2VrpSnD40/s1600/Star_Trek_1966_The_Man_Trap.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="694" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmQs1XKuU_v4xB7Az8ojAY2ixXxtJFa99BLCyFQDmcX8SYHifPvkRTu26ODep2Hfx2Ul5PaE0BiBQTdUOSRpRwgg8qhrYWhvcJu1zSjxwqPZR4uLruhEyDj1G0bzkWYVMsv_2VrpSnD40/s320/Star_Trek_1966_The_Man_Trap.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span>David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-5801527134976585122018-09-06T05:51:00.000-07:002018-09-06T06:51:22.180-07:00Historic Mineral Collection Destroyed in Brazil's National Museum Fire<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMHMHlafkgXOKhRlSGJVi-7Kv4AGfsuFQLC4X-EHMn5Yv9xOyYgYsAseLslO5zdAA8_nrs1teztL0sU1uJ-7KaNrjNjtD5GJOJ-b_-1r8UWA1bYF8Wg1yBp8ulN2e2boPvR1hSNvfp1VRF/s1600/BRESSAN_Abraham_Gottlob_Werner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="527" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMHMHlafkgXOKhRlSGJVi-7Kv4AGfsuFQLC4X-EHMn5Yv9xOyYgYsAseLslO5zdAA8_nrs1teztL0sU1uJ-7KaNrjNjtD5GJOJ-b_-1r8UWA1bYF8Wg1yBp8ulN2e2boPvR1hSNvfp1VRF/s200/BRESSAN_Abraham_Gottlob_Werner.jpg" width="151" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">German mineralogist Abraham Gottlob Werner was born in 1749 in Wehrau, at the time a city in the Prussian kingdom.<br />Werner was educated at Freiberg and Leipzig, where he studied law and mining. In 1775 he was appointed as inspector and teacher of mining and mineralogy at the small, but influential, Freiberg Mining Academy in Saxony. Here <a href="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/mineralienkabinett1791/" target="_blank">he catalogized the collection</a> by mining inspector Carl Eugenius Pabst von Ohain (1718-1784) consisting of 7,500 mineral and rock samples. The collection was also used to teach mineralogy and petrology at the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">academy. </span>After the death of Ohain in 1785 the collection was <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sold to </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the Portuguese statesman, author and amateur botanist
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">António de Araújo e Azevedo, 1. conde da Barca. In 1807 the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">mineralogical samples </span>were shipped to Rio de Janeiro, where they were </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">incorporated in the collections of the newly founded National Museum of Brazil</span>. Werner started a new collection, still hosted today at the University of Freiberg. In </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1787, based on the studied collections, he published “<a href="https://books.google.it/books?id=DdhAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gesteinsarten</a>” (Short classification and description of
the various rock types), a classification guide using - unusual at a
time when most rocks were classified based on the complex
rock-chemistry - easily recognizable features (like color, shape, even
odor) to identify minerals and rocks. </span>Werner's works play a very important role in the <a href="https://books.google.it/books?id=C5JdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=gottlob+werner+rio+de+janeiro&source=bl&ots=-JgH13kDfR&sig=7Er1n-oNpE5fKNkAfxxyZyeOhfY&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjeu-_V76TdAhWKDuwKHd63Cy0Q6AEwEHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=gottlob%20werner%20rio%20de%20janeiro&f=false" target="_blank">history of geology and mineralogy</a>. He named many common and less common minerals, like <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2017/01/09/the-origin-of-geological-terms-kyanite/#12fce1f914a3" target="_blank">Kyanite</a> and Vesuvianite in his writings. His books on minerals and rocks-identification influenced an entire generation of German geologists, including <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2016/09/29/alexander-von-humboldts-contributions-to-geology/#3f91ab0c776f" target="_blank">Alexander von Humboldt</a>. Charles Darwin used "<a href="http://www.nhmshop.co.uk/werner-s-nomenclature-of-colours.html" target="_blank">Werner’s Nomenclature of Colours</a>" published in 1814 and based in part on A.G. Werner's work, to describe his rock and mineral samples collected during the famous <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2016/04/20/how-charles-darwin-classified-his-mineral-collection/#2254a83e381c" target="_blank">voyage of the Beagle</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Unfortunately, a fire destroyed the National Museum just a few days ago. The extent of the fire's damage won't be fully known until salvage efforts are completed, but it is feared that also Ohain's mineral collection is lost.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzv-VqipBlrgFu9YW-N63cX753bnwzgkxHfxcqH5SGB36sFGBOnJCdu6Z4rVfPRIFDkekIl5GYMwny5E3mUV8U6SuzvhVh6Hf28-0R4SsZmMgnHKp7L_3qFVXgzIUQW8vYcg5iiaQ7NRaC/s1600/National+Museum+of+Brazil+in+Rio+de+Janeiro_Meteorite.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="700" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzv-VqipBlrgFu9YW-N63cX753bnwzgkxHfxcqH5SGB36sFGBOnJCdu6Z4rVfPRIFDkekIl5GYMwny5E3mUV8U6SuzvhVh6Hf28-0R4SsZmMgnHKp7L_3qFVXgzIUQW8vYcg5iiaQ7NRaC/s320/National+Museum+of+Brazil+in+Rio+de+Janeiro_Meteorite.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After an enormous fire destroyed the National Museum of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro on Sept. 2, 2018, the <a href="https://www.space.com/41710-bendego-meteorite-survives-brazil-museum-fire.html?utm_source=notification" target="_blank">Bendegó meteorite</a> was one of the few artifacts left relatively intact. The meteorite is the largest space rock ever discovered in Brazil. </span></div>
David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-78576807134094463662018-08-16T08:15:00.000-07:002018-08-18T01:32:06.691-07:00Geology and the Genoa bridge collapse<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In Genoa, part of the important <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@44.4253334,8.8862351,1053m/data=!3m1!1e3" target="_blank">A10-highway bridge 'Polcevera'</a> (locally known as 'Morandi', so named after the engineer who planned the bridge) collapsed Tuesday during a thunderstorm. Today 39 victims are confirmed, 16 survivors were saved from the debris, 9 are severely injured, and 10-20 people are still reported missing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The bridge was built between 1963 and 1967 and planned by Italian engineer Riccardo Morandi, who planned bridges also in Venezuela and Lybia.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijaziCy7O_uOyFkhjrShvQbAY6Q5EMrhB03GZzgFpwynDHtX7xm26xDC4iTDntqHtpN0Q4vmmQJvpbCfKWM-Xt2ivIV-4SZP-XK2gH9sSnDibDC2aJaCU5ZbbHNhZPvRb4IY3JHnfhF5Ar/s1600/_1964_ponte_Morandi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijaziCy7O_uOyFkhjrShvQbAY6Q5EMrhB03GZzgFpwynDHtX7xm26xDC4iTDntqHtpN0Q4vmmQJvpbCfKWM-Xt2ivIV-4SZP-XK2gH9sSnDibDC2aJaCU5ZbbHNhZPvRb4IY3JHnfhF5Ar/s320/_1964_ponte_Morandi.jpg" width="252" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Newspaper issue from 1964 showing the project for the Polcevera viaduct</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At this time the cause of the collapse is unclear. Speculations range from thunderstorm damage, material fatigue of the 50 years old bridge to a very unlikely case of terroristic act.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWLUx9o99PKtoVv6PWGH09wWee5GMPBmPYY1I2cmGLLihGHkRpd1-7O6lvHwwOqFDdUVZ4ECj60kZYptG0qci_F9Pqna67ctY5YCThTpvv1eB2cK2gq8u9UJxT9I6mQoFiw_10tEGAOd56/s1600/image-1327538-860_galleryfree-ipdf-1327538.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="640" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWLUx9o99PKtoVv6PWGH09wWee5GMPBmPYY1I2cmGLLihGHkRpd1-7O6lvHwwOqFDdUVZ4ECj60kZYptG0qci_F9Pqna67ctY5YCThTpvv1eB2cK2gq8u9UJxT9I6mQoFiw_10tEGAOd56/s320/image-1327538-860_galleryfree-ipdf-1327538.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/genua-wie-italien-mit-der-katastrophe-umgeht-a-1223355.html" target="_blank">Collapsed section of the Polcevera viaduct after Spiegel Online</a></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Geology can play a role in statics and dynamics of a bridge. The A10 connects Italy to France and follows the coastline between the Ligurian Sea and the Alps. The limited space and rugged terrain demands the construction of many tunnels and bridges. The Morandi bridge crosses the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Polcevera</span> river bed and an industrial zone and connects the city of Genoa with its harbor and Nizza/France, making it one of the most important routes in the region. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Unconfirmed are claims of a landslip on the base of one of the bridge's pylons, triggered by the heavy rain, causing the collapse. A published video seem to show the pylon collapsing only after the highway deck. Photos of the ongoing rescue attempts also don't seem to show damage on the base of the collapsed pylon.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWn3Cjx3xpY-E87WmTT1KOYIfRMiLJ0hN6rNdEG9OdTowCaTSi3xa_d-OwbqOQag6hWQspyG8SrHE1YLfLkCNwvFKulbzJsXvfyNb9nQwOc5unqxsRiTmpvbpg9WWOLStv7WHGL5usxY54/s1600/image-1327023-galleryV9-qcps-1327023.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="850" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWn3Cjx3xpY-E87WmTT1KOYIfRMiLJ0hN6rNdEG9OdTowCaTSi3xa_d-OwbqOQag6hWQspyG8SrHE1YLfLkCNwvFKulbzJsXvfyNb9nQwOc5unqxsRiTmpvbpg9WWOLStv7WHGL5usxY54/s320/image-1327023-galleryV9-qcps-1327023.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Also unconfirmed are claims of possible subsidence movements of the underground, destabilizing one of the pylons. According to the <a href="http://www.comune.genova.it/sites/default/files/pl_puc_geo_27.pdf" target="_blank">geological map</a> the underground is composed of marine and alluvial sand and conglomerates, filling a river vally incised in siltstone-formations.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLZS76eoCXynGmjawWmxiYsjAzVQ17gBEta1sqk7G9SSZiOlwAub71DW8ePAv0CXiu6qqiFpGFhi688qRsbhNM8EzEJTTFXkyjX2QlZDTi6IRt_lEzeYoDhdt6ig3Lrfs_KLR5oML73r_j/s1600/_ponte_Morandi_geologia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="660" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLZS76eoCXynGmjawWmxiYsjAzVQ17gBEta1sqk7G9SSZiOlwAub71DW8ePAv0CXiu6qqiFpGFhi688qRsbhNM8EzEJTTFXkyjX2QlZDTi6IRt_lEzeYoDhdt6ig3Lrfs_KLR5oML73r_j/s320/_ponte_Morandi_geologia.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Geological map extract of Genoa showing the A10 crossing the river , blue: alluvial sediments, green: siltstone.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Such terrain can be problematic for a bridge's foundations. A changing water table can cause erosion and resulting underground cavities, followed by collapse and locale subsidence movements on the surface over time. However, many other factors, like construction type of the foundations, play a role in case of a collapse. At the moment there is no evidence to support this scenario.</span><br />
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<i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP1aws3AtUZ2fFPDzicABnpTI3KCqo9AOWgDAhl3q-JGgtTWxvmfLAhJGP_HiXo3a8ZhU-Qrb9c0oaT1eYMQGKxsq4B0mziuMulj27msLRtPnXYa_dZIUwGswgk3Y_Q7F9wMuzOF70zE7R/s1600/image-1327168-galleryV9-juyc-1327168.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="850" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP1aws3AtUZ2fFPDzicABnpTI3KCqo9AOWgDAhl3q-JGgtTWxvmfLAhJGP_HiXo3a8ZhU-Qrb9c0oaT1eYMQGKxsq4B0mziuMulj27msLRtPnXYa_dZIUwGswgk3Y_Q7F9wMuzOF70zE7R/s320/image-1327168-galleryV9-juyc-1327168.jpg" width="320" /></a></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Photo from 2016 showing the collapsed pylon and also renovation works at the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Polcevera viaduct and river.</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A rupture of the highway deck caused by material fatigue, the bridge was constructed in a time when traffic was less intense as today, is favored by most interpelled experts, but only forensic investigations in the coming months may reveal the true cause of the collapse. On Friday it was speculated, that one of the suspension ropes broke. Reinforced concrete is vulnerable, especially near the sea, as water and salt accelerates the corrosion of the iron parts.</span></div>
David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-75383207306615427602018-08-12T06:59:00.001-07:002018-08-12T07:01:43.633-07:00The Most Famous Last Stand In History And How Geology Played A Role In It<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Thermopylae, the hot gates or also gates of fire, is a mountain pass
at the foot of Mount Kallidromo in modern Greece where legend tells
that <a data-ga-track="ExternalLink:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDPt2mow5t4" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">King Leonidas and 300 of his Spartan warriors</a>
fought millions of Persians, during Xerxes’ invasion of Greece in 480
B.C. They were able to hold <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/08/11/the-most-famous-last-stand-in-history-and-how-geology-played-a-role-in-it/#4b4dd3a32aaf" target="_blank">the mountain pass for three days</a>, when they
were betrayed and finally defeated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQllHT7oKBYbI0mTQm1R0cbpt2OAfrBROTBrD_VCWCtGMfXv0YJ9fyvPnuVG9HuASnGdcxU4eMTI6L0v98wbJkcSorhOo5tKatud4V_s3yP4enq5f8GP1x4ZarF9ckmO0w_MXLwrPdGVU/s1600/National+Geographic+Society+Louis+S.+Glanzman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="640" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQllHT7oKBYbI0mTQm1R0cbpt2OAfrBROTBrD_VCWCtGMfXv0YJ9fyvPnuVG9HuASnGdcxU4eMTI6L0v98wbJkcSorhOo5tKatud4V_s3yP4enq5f8GP1x4ZarF9ckmO0w_MXLwrPdGVU/s320/National+Geographic+Society+Louis+S.+Glanzman.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"Greece
and Rome: Builders of Our World (The Story of Man)", 1977</span></span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-75900438691492495032018-07-31T12:19:00.000-07:002018-07-31T12:19:14.148-07:00Marie Tharp, The Woman Who Discovered The Backbone Of Earth<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">July 30, 1920, birthday of Marie Tharp, The Woman Who Discovered The
Backbone Of Earth. She was among the first women to get a degree and
work as professional geologist in the US. Later she worked also on a map
of the seafloor that <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/07/30/hundreds-missing-and-many-feared-dead-after-laos-dam-collapse/#4ad45a6d7f91" target="_blank">changed geology</a>.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEjHi2VSegAtX8DlmidxWBB46v42HAPjDoBSvFiscbKmnESZYB-F4eFFlzA9KLRzUX-fT0EqFjXbG8_XIr51DFPLRR1Y-eUjenlntZc0sj9Q9X2cCIBuWos_SjOnImzfFVSsBLSsaN_RA/s1600/https+_blogs-images.forbes.com_davidbressan_files_2020_07_THARP_1977.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="960" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEjHi2VSegAtX8DlmidxWBB46v42HAPjDoBSvFiscbKmnESZYB-F4eFFlzA9KLRzUX-fT0EqFjXbG8_XIr51DFPLRR1Y-eUjenlntZc0sj9Q9X2cCIBuWos_SjOnImzfFVSsBLSsaN_RA/s320/https+_blogs-images.forbes.com_davidbressan_files_2020_07_THARP_1977.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-46222636296937009362018-07-25T08:35:00.002-07:002018-07-25T08:35:59.189-07:00Alternative Model For Formation Of Devils Tower Explains Its Geological Oddities<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Devils Tower in Wyoming is surrounded by myths and mysteries. To the Sioux people, this site was sacred and some of their stories tell how this mountain formed: A long time ago a giant bear chased a group of children onto the flat top of the mountain. Out of reach of the animal, the bear started to scratch the rocks with its claws, forming the characteristic joints in the rock. Reportedly, Devils Tower got its name from this legend, as "bear" was erroneously translated as "bad god" - later becoming the "devil".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Today, this 1,267-foot-high pinnacle of phonolite (a silica-poor fine-grained igneous rock) is described in many textbooks as an intrusion of igneous rock that never reached the surface to form a volcano. However, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/07/22/alternative-model-for-formation-of-devils-tower-explains-its-geological-oddities/#5093261f309c" target="_blank">there are a number of issues with this idea</a>. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihkQSWqyt_U0CjmhCKLTcxTfCzR_J6-wr_Dql-Wpe5x4LSo18Ivab3_HiWE8uzZ3h9urmY2FYs-Wzr9XPERPLVBpSD5dTfbUS0BSy_q6IQBSZ-O6IvfT2kgbKVCPGNWbVxt-PiO_lwPgt6/s1600/https+_blogs-images.forbes.com_davidbressan_files_2018_04_Wikipedia_Devils_Tower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihkQSWqyt_U0CjmhCKLTcxTfCzR_J6-wr_Dql-Wpe5x4LSo18Ivab3_HiWE8uzZ3h9urmY2FYs-Wzr9XPERPLVBpSD5dTfbUS0BSy_q6IQBSZ-O6IvfT2kgbKVCPGNWbVxt-PiO_lwPgt6/s320/https+_blogs-images.forbes.com_davidbressan_files_2018_04_Wikipedia_Devils_Tower.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-79231806866675817942018-07-14T08:03:00.000-07:002018-07-14T08:04:56.436-07:00The New Netflix Movie 'How It Ends' Features Societal Collapse By Geological Apocalypse<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The new Netflix action thriller film "How it Ends" imagines how a sudden
collapse could happen in the modern U.S., likely triggered by a
mysterious <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/07/13/how-it-ends-netflix-movie-features-societys-collapse-by-geological-apocalypse/#533dfdc03e00" target="_blank">geological apocalypse🌋</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIb3kmLTSrUjBGSX5sUs8vBPuYf64WO9YIYNsD7zduEf32WEOLPE904xyut0rPlocuIRojmVvXgoAkSHv-m4KxAyvjoDi54JLIZnXkT4hlmfybklTEL2rHN7a8Ax60R6Jwhb_sl0ITQiJ-/s1600/https+_blogs-images.forbes.com_davidbressan_files_2018_07_Netflix_2018_How_It_Ends.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="960" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIb3kmLTSrUjBGSX5sUs8vBPuYf64WO9YIYNsD7zduEf32WEOLPE904xyut0rPlocuIRojmVvXgoAkSHv-m4KxAyvjoDi54JLIZnXkT4hlmfybklTEL2rHN7a8Ax60R6Jwhb_sl0ITQiJ-/s320/https+_blogs-images.forbes.com_davidbressan_files_2018_07_Netflix_2018_How_It_Ends.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6314190564205081026.post-44674820940522520562018-07-09T11:16:00.000-07:002018-07-09T11:33:22.630-07:00Why Hydrogeology Plays Such An Important Role In The Thailand Cave Rescue Operations<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rescue operations to free 12 boys together with their soccer coach from the
Tham Luang cave in Thailand are underway but could take days to
complete. The geology of the region plays a role in both the <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/07/08/why-hydrogeology-plays-such-an-important-role-in-the-thailand-cave-rescue-operation/#1690f1923409" target="_blank">origin of the cave as why exploring wild cave systems is so dangerous</a>.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTRgtnOBQfkX5WYN_zh8t1LxzpBCWeKxuvHpiGX78zjrAJM07vUQeUxJuJ6taIriakJ_NQGag5z3opewMSrVYbm13X-xpkTCykfaXfDgN9MUWlByS8gVputo8Fo32pgY1qXDxI2JWfStQQ/s1600/https+_blogs-images.forbes.com_davidbressan_files_2018_07_BRESSAN_Geology_Tham-Luang_Cave_Thailand.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="960" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTRgtnOBQfkX5WYN_zh8t1LxzpBCWeKxuvHpiGX78zjrAJM07vUQeUxJuJ6taIriakJ_NQGag5z3opewMSrVYbm13X-xpkTCykfaXfDgN9MUWlByS8gVputo8Fo32pgY1qXDxI2JWfStQQ/s320/https+_blogs-images.forbes.com_davidbressan_files_2018_07_BRESSAN_Geology_Tham-Luang_Cave_Thailand.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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David Bressanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17650115671464472095noreply@blogger.com0